In order to purify the water quality of farmland irrigation.Four Farmland drainage ditch slope Substrate uptake of nitrogen(N） and their water purification capacity were investigated in hydrostatic conditions and wetting-drying test including corncob,dried leaf, sawdust and soil. The results indicated that:TN concentration ,high and low N concentration, dried leaf have the best purification capacity ,purifying rate is 91.13%, followed by the sawdust is 45.39%;NH4+-N concentration, high N concentration , corncob have the best purification capacity ,purifying rate is 29.12%, Low N concentration , corncob and dried leaf have the best purification capacity,purifying rate is 45.39% and 80.87%;NO3--N concentration,high and low N concentration,dried leaf have the best purification capacity ,purifying rate is 36.15% and 76.3%, followed by the sawdust is 55.47%. The purification capacity of Nitrogen decreases as the number of loops goes up.the experimental data suggested that appropriate substrates improved the water of farmland irrigation.

Soil temperature is an important factor affecting the growth and nutrient transformation of plants． The farmland soil temperature in different layers ( 2、10、20、30、40 cm) of Bayi Town is measured by using ECH2O soil moisture temperature measurement system in order to elucidate the effects of tillage and ploughing-free on farmland soil temperature and temperature conduction in different layers． The results show that the diurnal variation of soil temperature presents a single peak pattern． The maximum value of soil temperature in surface layer ( 2 cm ) appears in 14 ∶ 00 and the minimum value appears in 08 ∶ 00． The maximum and minimum values of soil temperature have obvious delay effect with the deepening of the soil layer． The effect of tillage on soil daily temperature is mainly in the surface layer( 2 cm) and it gradually decreases with the deepening of soil layer． The compact structure of the surface layer without plowing is conducive to the transference of heat from surface layer to lower layer so that the daily mean temperature of the subsoil is higher than tillage soils．

The applicability of domestic GF-1 satellite images in the monitoring of soil salinization is discussed，using BP neural network and ＲBF neural network modeling method with ten indexes including four bands reflectance of GF-1 images、the normalized difference vegetation index ( NDVI) 、difference vegetation index ( DVI) 、soil regulating vegetation index ( SAVI) and salinity index ( SI1，SI2，SI-T) ． The results show that: The BP neural network model with the highest prediction accuracy is the highest in the 2 kinds of algorithms，Ｒ2 is 0．818，ＲMSE is 0．194． The vegetation index can improve the prediction accuracy of the model effectively． Using BP neural network to predict the soil salinity in the study area，found that soil containing salt content is consistent with the reality of the study area． It shows that it is feasible to use GF -1 data combined with BP neural network model to monitor the salinization of study area．

In order to understand the role of drip irrigation fertilization technology in food production, to further explore the reasonable nitrogen system, in this experiment, with maize as the research object, by means of drip irrigation fertilization technology, study the liaoning brown loam area different n application rate and the influence of the number of nitrogen fertilizer on corn growth and yield. The results showed that the n application rate in 75 ~ 225 kg/hm2, maize plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield increase trend with the increase of n application, when n application rate for 175 and 225 kg/hm2, for corn on yield had no significant effect; N number effect on maize growth, yield and nitrogen agronomic efficiency significantly. Once nitrogen treatment significantly improved maize growth of plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, three nitrogen treatment significantly improved maize stage, dry matter accumulation and nitrogen agronomic efficiency, can provide the nutrients in the whole growth period of maize, increase yield significantly. Considered from the perspective of high yield, high efficiency, economy, recommended three n, n application rate of 175 ~ 225 kg/hm2 nitrogen system.

The experiment was carried out with the cell test combined with local farmers used irrigation methods for the control, set three long furrow irrigation treatment (80m, 120m, 240m), set each treatment was repeated three times, changing water into a number of eighty percent. The effects of long furrow irrigation on water consumption characteristics and yield of summer corn in the growth period, the soil moisture distribution relations with yield and its components and the like, choose the best possible balance between saving and high yield long stretch. The results show that: in the agronomic traits during the growing fertility 80m and 120m two kinds of irrigation in the summer corn is more average coefficient of variation is low, less affected by the impact of irrigation length, no significant difference occurred. Irrigation uniformity Border subject to irrigation furrow long influence more obvious, 80m and 120m irrigation furrow length more suitable for water requirements during the summer corn growth, higher irrigation uniformity and 80m long stretch handle the distribution of production of the most average, average the highest water use efficiency, yield 10218.39 , water use efficiency was 25.12 .Comprehensive corn yield and distribution, water use efficiency and other factors, 80m long furrow irrigation is the most appropriate balance between Saving and High Yield long stretch, with a view to the conclusion of field crops yielding water-saving irrigation area provide some theoretical basis.

In order to explore the effect of long-term mulched drip irrigation on changes of soil salinity for different soil types farmland in arid region, this study has elected the drip irrigation reclamation area of Shihezi as main research objects. For exploring the distribution characteristic and dynamic change law of soil salinity in soil profile, soli salinity in 0-100 cm soil was monitored for different sand, loam and clay mulched drip irrigation farmland from the year 2008 to 2014. The results showed: the soil salinity in 0-30 cm soil all decreased; 30-60 cm and 60-100 cm soil of clay and loam farmland increased in some years, however, to the year 2014, it showed a downward trend in total. To the year 2012, soil salinity of 30-60 cm and 60-100 cm soil of different sand farmland increased or decreased, however, the accumulation of soil salinity still existed in 30-60 cm or 60-100 cm soil. These results could provide a theoretical direction for application of mulched drip irrigation.

To define the weed species，density，harm degree and community diversity，with the traditional flooded irrigation as the control treatment，we did research on the weed community diversity with controlled irrigation in Gaoyou Irrigation District in 2013． The results show that there were 10 families and 13 species in controlled irrigation，9 families and 11 species in traditional irrigation，the species richness in controlled irrigation was more than traditional irrigation． The weed overall density was greater in traditional irrigation than controlled irrigation，and a significant difference was found in a part of the growth period of rice． Meanwhile，the harm dominant species of weeds in controlled irrigation were less than traditional irrigation． Although，the Shannon-wiener diversity index had no significant difference with growth period developing in different irrigation modes，the values of Pielou evenness in controlled irrigation was higher than traditional irrigation in the late growth period of rice，and the weed community was relatively stable in controlled irrigation fields． Thus，the controlled irrigation had some control functions to the weed density and the harmful dominant species，and could effectively inhibit outbreak of harmful weeds，to make paddy weed community diversity and paddy ecological balance have a great significance

In order to understand the influence of various irrigation treatments and the field mulching on the growth of spring wheat in the arid regions of Northwestern China，an experiment was conducted in Shiyang Ｒiver Experiment Station of China Agricultural University in 2014． This study includes five different irrigation amount treatments and the treatment of mulching /without mulching，which amounts to ten treatments． Ｒesults show that mulching has enhanced crop yield per acre of spring wheat through increasing grain number and shortened the growth period for 6～ 13 d． At the same time，field mulching can greatly increase the accumulated temperature and maintain the soil water content in the early stage effectively． With the increase in irrigation，the crop yield will all increase for both the cases with field mulching and without field mulching，while the water use efficiency will all show the trend of decrease． Under the same irrigation amount，the crop yield and water use efficiency of the cases with field mulching are higher than the cases without mulching． It is especially remarkable when the irrigation amount is higher or smaller

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different cultivation and irrigation methods on growth and yield of facilities
celery． The results show that different irrigation methods affect the growth and development of celery significantly． In the whole growth period，celery grows vigorously with film drip irrigation． Celery nitrate content is expressed as drip irrigation＞ furrow irrigation，film＞open field． Yield and water production efficiency is the highest under film drip irrigation． ANOVA indicates a remarkable yield difference between covered and dew，furrow and drip，and a significant interaction effect between the two factors．

It will play an active role in promoting of ecological management, environmental protection, and the establishment of a new energy-using model in northwest desertification area to take fully advantage of the abundant wind energy, solar energy and other local natural resources. Therefore, on the basis of the analysis of wind energy and solar energy resources the in northwest area, design wind and solar energy mutual-complementing lift irrigation model, analyze and evaluate the promotional value of wind and solar energy mutual-complementing power generation system from the perspective of economic benefits, energy saving, environmental benefits and social benefits. Then show that the promotion of this system in this area has its economic and social viability.

Existing fixed sprinkler irrigation equipment, it is required to connect outlets in the field before irrigation, and after that, all these devices such as Sprinkler head, standpipe etc need to be removed and transported back to storages. Hard Outlets above the ground affects plowing, and corresponding irrigation equipments connecting with outlets will cost much more manpower and additional storage management, and inevitably it may cause damage to part of the devices. In order to match the actual irrigation needs, targeted research and development of the above products successfully provide useful labor - saving irrigation products without affecting farming.

As one of the important characterizations of river ecological water requirement，the ecological base flow is necessary． So the Tennant method，7Q10 method，90% reliability method and the most withered month average flow method were chosen to calculate the ecological basic flow of the four representative rivers in Xiangyang City． The recommended value of the ecological base flow was determined after comparing with the results and considering the river ecological water requirement． As for the other rivers that lack daily runoff series data，considering the actual features of every river and the calculation results of the four representative rivers，the recommended ecological base flow of the other major rivers was determined． The calculation results may serve as a guide for the reasonable utilization of water resources and ecological civilization construction of Xiangyang City．

Micro zone experiment is employed to use different additive amount of zeolites ( 0，2 500，5 000 kg /hm2) enter the rice planting in the soil. During the growth period，different concentrations( 0，0.25，0.20，0.15 mg /L) of lead containing water are used to irrigate. The effects of zeolite and lead compound on rice yield，lead in rice plant enrichment and rice growth traits，etc. are analyzed. The results show that when the experiment application amount is 2 500 kg /hm2 ，branch water irrigation yield increases by 5.9%and lead water irrigation inhibits the rice yield，the yield of all treatments reduces by 7.1% to17.6%.When the application is 5 000 kg /hm2 ，with zeolite and lead interacting，rice yield improves by 8.50% to 16.84%. 0.20 mg /L pb concentration of lead water rice yield up to when the zeolite is applied to 2 500 kg /hm2，the concentration of lead in soil increases by 14.69% to15.82%，compared with that of the same density without zeolite，the root increases by 3.36%to 37.82%，stem，leave，rice respectively reduces by 28.43% to 60.59%，2.12% to 27.59%，28.81% to 43.39%，when zeolite is applied to 5 000 kg /hm2 ，the concentration of lead in soil increases by 6.04% to 8.57% the root increases by 5.81% to 44.71%，stem leave rice，respectively reduces by31.91% to 66.03%，11.69% to 44.83%，40.11% to 49.32%. Interactions of zeolite and lead on promoting effect of rice plant height，tillering，shoot part dry weight，and underground part dry weight is mainly in the early growth，the promoting effect of zeolite on the plant height，tiller，weight of the ground material and the weight of the underground material is larger than its inhibitory effect of lead ions，and the effect of the weight of ground material is greater than the underground. Based on growing rice for lead polluted soil or irrigating it for lead polluted water，adding zeolite to soil can reduce the migration of metal lead ion into rice，and avoid the use of lead polluted water to irrigate during the rice growth period.

Based on the dispatching characteristics of reservoir group,a multi-objective optimal scheduling model is established. In view of
the complexity of the solution of optimal operation model considering both water quantity and quality for reservoir groups,an improved genetic algorithm ( IGA) is proposed,which makes use of part of the non-feasible solution domain to achieve step-by-step optimization. The influence of the main parameters on the optimization results is also discussed in this paper. The proposed IGA is successfully applied to the joint optimal operation of water quantity and quality in the area of Hongru Ｒiver Basin. The calculated results and a comparison with Traditional Genetic Algorithm show that the proposed IGA is better in optimal operation results,computational efficiency and convergence. It is of high efficiency and accuracy in solving the problem of optimal operation of reservoir group with the consideration of water quantity and quality.

The effects of Global climate change coupled with Human activities pose a serious threat to basin water environment which has attracted more and more concern from international scholars. Examining the results from previous studies, this paper reviews how changes in climate and human activities affect the basin water environment via to changes of parameter variations on the water pollutant sources, migrations and transformations , the rate of biochemical reactions and the ecological effect of pollution, as well as the process of matter and energy exchange, from the point of variation characteristics of water environment and attribution analysis. The paper generalizes the main existing methods on the study of climate change and human activities impacts on water environment. And finally, aiming at the shortcomings and deficiencies, the future aspect of research directions on the impact of climate change and human activities on water environment is predicted: from the simple consideration of the independent impact of climate change and human activities to the key water environmental factors in basin scale in the past, the current quantitative separation weighing factor of climate change and human activities on basin water environmental factors, to quantitative analysis the coupling effect of climate change and human activities on water environment in global large-scale in the future.

The promising economic and social constructions confront Liaoyang’s water environment with many newly-emerging challenges. Based on the water function zones, this paper selected five main pollutant carrying rivers, namecly main Taizi River, Tang River, Liuhao River, Beisha River and Hun River, as research region, and used the single-factor method to select the main contaminants—COD and NH3-N, then analyzed the water quality trend from 2010 to 2014 with seasonal Kendall method, and calculated the research region’s pollutant carrying capacity and the corresponding total pollutant discharge limits of 2014 with one-dimension water environment model and presumptive method. The results revealed that, the concentrations of COD and NH3-N had a significant increase in main Taizi River and Tang River, and the concentration of NH3-N ever rose dramatically in Liuhao River and Beisha River, but decreased sharply in Hun River; In terms of pollutant carrying capacity and total pollutant discharge limits, the main Taizi River ranked first, which together with Liuhao River and Hun River produced more-than-80% proportions respectively. Finally, to secure more support for Liaoyang’s sustainable development, there’s countermeasures, such as the pollutant abatement from sources and the discharge regulations on basis of time and space, to improve the water environment.

By using the coordination degree calculation model,coupling degree of economic system and the water environmental system is
calculated. On this basis,the paper introduces the efficiency of urban water resources utilization,and uses transcendental logarithm of SFA to
construct the input and output function of water resource utilization efficiency,and estimates the efficiency of water resource utilization. Lastly,through the typical example of Beijing City.With the model methods described above,the results show that there exists a mutual connection between the economic system and the water environmental system during 18 years from 1997 to 2014. The coordination degree between economic system and the water environmental system is rising,which evolved from the basic coordination,good coordination,wonderful coordination to perfect coordination. The coupling degree is basically consistent with the water resource utilization efficiency and the trend is on
the whole upward. The water resource utilization efficiency increases with the increase in the coupling degree of the systems.

Rainfall distribution research is a kind of classic spatial interpolation problems. However, in the research of rainstorms distribution in mountain area, the traditional spatial interpolation methods are difficult to obtain the distribution of rainstorms effectively due to the factors of terrain complexity. The watershed of Liuyang River is chosen as the research area, combined with the geographic information system (GIS) technology, terrain factor (DEM) is considered to improve the spatial interpolation methods on the basis of the traditional ones. The unified cross validation methods and accuracy validation models are applied to verify and evaluate the results of different interpolation methods. The results show that spatial interpolation methods which considering DEM are better than the traditional ones. Among these methods inverse distance weighted that considering DEM achieves the highest accuracy and effectiveness in rainstorm analysis.

Based on middle-term and long-term rain-fall forecasting,a comprehensive forecast method of three gorges reservoir using water balance model is presented in this paper. Then an experiment is made on the method and the forecasting result is checked. The results show that runoff observed and simulated has high superposition,peaks match well,and the result has a high simulating precision. The water balance model has a good prediction effect.

As the view of Cold and Arid Ｒegions is different of seasonal characters and regional specialties,this paper measured the Xilin
Ｒiver Basin hydrological and meteorological data from 1971 to 2000,based on whose SWAT2012 ( Soil and Water Assessment Tool 2012)
model. The results show that the rate on a regular basis,model of Ｒ2 is 0.79,Ens is 0.76.Validation period,Ｒ2 is 0.61,Ens is 0.53.From the
model in the rate on a regular basis and the simulation results of the validation period it can be seen that the SWAT model of the anti easyrestoration degree of snow and snowmelt runoff process simulation in conformity with the requirements,at the same time verifying the SWAT model the maneuverability of the cold and arid regions in the North of China is operability.

Based on three DEMs of HYDRO1K, SRTM3 (version 4) and ASTER GDEM, terrain information of Hanjiang River basin was extracted using the terrain module of BTOPMC. Comparisons showed that: ① SRTM3 can reflect terrain information and soil moisture spatial pattern over the basin in most detail, followed by ASTER GDEM. Because the low resolution of HYDRO1K overly smooths basin terrain, as a result of topographic index, soil moisture distribution tends to be uniform over the basin. In other words in the view of runoff generation, the basin is easily saturated. In hydrological meanings, the HYDRO1K does not keep enough details of mountainous and hilly terrain in the scale like Hanjiang River basin. ② When the horizontal resolution of DEM reaches details in a certain degree, its vertical accuracy, compared its horizontal resolution, more controls extracted terrain reality. As shown by comparing ASTER GDEM and SRTM3, although ASTER GDEM horizontal resolution is higher than SRTM3, but SRTM3 has better vertical accuracy and the extracted terrain information is also more accurate. ③ The terrain information extraction is also affected by pit-removal algorithm and flow direction assignment in DEM processing. BTOPMC scans every grid of DEM by row and row. When pits are found, they are filled using a small elevation increment in a loop way until they are removed but the terrain still follows local landscape. The elevation increment becomes small and small from the source to the outlet along the general drainage direction of basin. In this way, basin terrain information is kept well. In assigning flow direction for a grid using D8 method, when the flow follows along the grid neighboring steepest-slope but not the lowest, more grids tend to flow vertically or horizontally. Due to DCW blue lines were incorporated in the generation of HYDRO1K DEM, the impact of flow direction assignment on topographic index is limited on these grids near the basin sources where no blue lines are located in DCW.

Based on the daily precipitation data of 21 rainfall stations in Zhejiang Province from 1961 to 2010,this paper defines the percentile as the threshold of extreme precipitation for each rainfall station and analyzes the characteristics of the spatial distribution of annual amount,frequency,intensity,annual daily maximum amount of extreme precipitation events. The trend and time mutation of annual extreme
precipitation are also studied. The results indicate that the spatial characteristics of annual amount,frequency,intensity and annual daily
maximum amount of extreme precipitation events are basically the same,i.e.,the numeric gradually decreases from south to north and their
high-value centers are all located in Kuocang Mountain of Linhai. The annual extreme precipitation shows a weakly increasing trend,and the
southeast coastal area in Zhejiang Province increases significantly. The time mutation appeared mostly from the early 1980s to the late 1990s.
Moreover,the extreme precipitation characteristics may be associated with the rapid development of urbanization as well as the special topography of the region.

This paper aims at providing an effective method for the hydropower development enterprises and the local government to evade the
risk of offending public opinion. The environmental effects of hydropower projects along the international rivers have attracted attention at
home and abroad. Monitoring the public opinion of the environmental effects of hydropower projects along the international rivers provides an
extremely important way to broaden your horizons of hydropower development enterprises and the local government,listen to the interests of
the public demands,evade the risk of offending public opinions. This paper constructs the theoretical framework of network public opinions
monitoring the environmental effects of hydropower projects along international rivers. Within the theoretical framework,we collected the data
by MetaSeeker in the case of hydropower projects of Lancang Ｒiver basin in China. Then we sifted and analyzed artificially the data and built
the database of network public opinion of the environmental effect of hydropower projects along Lancang Ｒiver from 2005 to 2014. This paper
adopt content analysis method to code and to process the database. We constructed the framework to analyze the features of network public
opinions. Then we analyzed life cycle,range,emotional leanings and hotspot of network public opinion from the perspectives of tendency,
popularity,inclination and intensity.

The Archimedes screw generator is a new device for low-head microhydro power generation,the structure and parameters of the device are introduced;the different ways of installation and corresponding structure are given, and a brief description of each applicable occasion is mentioned as well as the principle of energy conversion; compared with the traditional microhydro turbine,the main advantages of the device are listed;a brief summary of the current researches on hydraulic design and optimization is provided as well as the conclusion that the theory and methods of hydraulic design need to be studied and improved;prospects on the theory and design methods, research methods and the potential markets in China are given.

This article introduces the startup process and mathematical model of pumped storage unit. A deduction is made for the mathematical model of three phase short circuit which sudden happen at generator/motor output for the two units system during synchronous startup. And theoretical analysis is made for the case that the arc extinguishing breaker has malfunction after two-phase short circuit and three-phase short circuit sudden happen at generator/motor output. The conclusion of frequency influences short circuit current during accelerating of synchronous startup has been got. Also, the simulation experiment combined generator parameters. And lot of testing data and wave graphics has been obtained during the simulation test. It is found that the simulation test results comfort with the theory basically according to the full scale analysis of the data and waves.

Science and technology are very important for the development of small hydropower in China. From planning and design,construction and operation as well as scientific research and equipment manufacturing aspects,the science and technology problems of small hydropower are pointed out. On this basis,the general idea of science and technology development of small hydropower is put forward. Upholding
the concept of innovation,coordination,green,opening and sharing,the development bottlenecks of small hydropower should be broken,
while livelihood,safe,green and harmonious hydropower should be developed. From the perspective of management research and applied research,some policy suggestions are put forwarded. At last,the trend chart is mapped out.

The Fortran program,based on the three-dimensional fixed crack model,simulated the classic three-point bending beam under concentrated forces.Fixed crack model,based on the consistent fracture energy,adjusted the stress and strain softening curve to adapt to different
size of grid models.Compared the calculated stress strain curve of keypoint and the assumed stress strain curve,the results showed that the
fracture energies of different grid models were almost the same and the fortran program is right,so the fixed crack model can overcome the grid
sensitivity to some extent.Choosed different fracture parameters to simulate the same grid model and compared the load displacement curves
and strain envelope diagrams under the same load condition,the results conformed to the actual situation and the basic theory,So the fixed
crack model theory can well simulate the crack development process.

In order to explore the effect of water flow on the stability of suspended grid in the stilling basin,considering many factors,the impact of water flow on the impact of suspended grid is the biggest,and pressure is the main hydraulic parameter reflecting suspended grid eroded by water scouring,through numerical simulation methods,both k～ ε equation turbulence model is used to calculate by comparing and analyzing the pressure distribution of different suspended grid arrangements in the stilling basin. And this paper reaches the following conclusions: Double suspended grid arrangement type is different. Each suspended grid by the pressure difference is different. And when the double
layer suspended grid energy dissipation effect is better,suspended grid interaction with water,the influence of water to the stability of suspended grid. There is a great dangerous possibilities of hanging gate,so the structure design should attention to check whether the compressive strength to meet the requirements.

Abstract:According to the shollow tank theory, the existing double-deck horizontal flow sedimentation tank was improved. We designed two new type inclined plate tectonic double-deck horizontal flow sedimentation tank and the level of an existing flow double-deck horizontal flow sedimentation tank, and produced three tank models. Simulating high turbidity water, and putting the model test under the different surface load. Under the condition of the same hydraulic, double to flow inclined plate structure under advection sedimentation tank to flow inclined plate tectonic subsidence is better than that on double-deck horizontal flow sedimentation tank and horizontal flow double-deck horizontal flow sedimentation tank.Double advection to flow inclined plate structure under the surface of the tank model load appropriate choice about 0.07 m3/m2·h, and the size can be zoomed according to the Froude?similarity?criterion by actual engineering combining actual condition. In the proceeding of double-deck horizontal flow sedimentation tank’s running, which from the beginning of the sedimentation tank out of the flow into the stream water quality stability is a gradual process which needs about 2 hours. In order to guarantee the stability of the flow in practical projects, it should try to ensure that the tank operation continues to flow out in the process.

The calculation and analysis of the thermal stress of mass concrete structure are an effective measure to control hydration heat and
prevent cracks. The finite element simulation software ANSYS provides both direct and indirect coupling methods to simulate the thermal field
and stress field coupling effect,but in the present simulation analysis,the research on differences between coupling methods is scarce .This
paper uses the two-dimensional direct coupling,the three-dimensional direct coupling and the three -dimensional indirect coupling to calculate the thermal stress field of Mandian Reservoir mass concrete gravity dam in the pouring process,and explores the differences between the
three methods. Our study has shown that under the three coupling schemes,calculation results of temperature field are basically identical,but
there are differences between the calculation results of the stress field. In the end,the paper gives the range of application as reference for the
thermal stress simulation of mass concrete.

The porous discharge flow tube has been widely used in agriculture, water supply and drainage, ventilation, chemical and other fields. Flow characteristics directly affect the flow uniformity of the porous tube, thereby affecting the efficient use of it. The theoretical analysis and experimental study on the capacity of the porous tube’s discharge (flux of water) have the important project value and theoretical significance. In this paper,the total flow calculation formula is derived by the knowledge of hydraulics, the relation of discharge discount rate is calculated through dimensional analysis and the average single hole discharge formula is established based on some experimental data. The results of the test data and engineering data showed that the formula results and the test results are quite identical.

In order to study the problem of preventing cracks in the construction of the intake tower in Baihetan Power Station,a 3-D finite
element method is used to simulate the construction process and the temperature controlling measures in Autumn. The temperature and thermal stress of the concrete of intake tower during the construction of autumn,which is influenced by factors such as thermal insulation,the
time of water cooling,adiabatic temperature rise and concreting temperature,are simulated and calculated by software ANSYS. Take the case
of the concrete floor,by comparing the thermal stress value and the minimum crack security coefficient of feature points under different programs,it can be concluded that in the process of the multilayer concrete construction,the time of water cooling should not be too long,or it
will have a promotion on the maximum stress of the concrete. Reducing the concreting temperature can reduce the average temperature in different fractions while choosing the low-heat concrete has a different effect on the concrete temperature in different fractions.

The prototype monitoring data sequence of service such as seepage,stress and strain,which has nonlinear characteristics and is
susceptible to noise pollution. Based on the prototype monitoring data,the prediction model of the service state of the dam is established,
which is highly efficient and reasonable to fit and predict the nonlinear behavior of the dam,and a high attention is paid to the improvement
of the anti-noise ability and generalization ability of the model. Based on this goal,the integrated application of wavelet,support vector machine ( SVM) ,particle swarm algorithm ( PSO) and other tools,the measurement of the dam and the construction method of the anti-noise
prediction model of the building methods and application is carried out. On the basis of wavelet de-noising processing of the prototype monitoring data of the dam,the measured service model of the dam is established by using the support vector machine. Considering the influence of
the SVM penalty factor and kernel function parameters,the PSO algorithm is introduced to optimize the parameters of the support vector machine. The method used in this paper is applied to the construction of a practical dam deformation measurement model. The results show that
the proposed method is superior to the traditional statistical regression model,and it can be relaxed in terms of the number of samples,and
it can be used in engineering practice.

The long-term strength and temperature rising of hydration heat for the roller compacted concrete (RCC) are influenced by its design age. The RCC properties with 90d and 180d design age are compared based on mechanical and thermal experimental data. The temperature controlled standard and the stress controlled standard of RCC are proposed. The temperature field and the stress field of Guanyinyan RCC gravity dam are simulated by using ANSYS based on the finite element method, and the distributions of the temperature field and the stress field of 90d and 180d design age are contrasted. The safety factor of crack-resistance, the maximum temperature and the stress situation of dam are analyzed to compare the temperature control characteristics of the two design ages. The rationality of application of 180d design age in RCC is discussed in the terms of temperature control, which offers important reference and basis for the adoption of the 180d design age in relevant projects.

College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi Province,China

High-order equations including one variable and known parameters have to be solved for the calculation of contracted water depth in cubic parabolic cross-sections, which have no analytic solutions. The iterative approximation-gradually optimal fitting method was first established for approximate solutions of high-order equations. An appropriate model function was proposed for curve fitting based on the iteration theory. Proper parameters were selected for gradually optimal fitting and a direct calculation formula with high accuracy was derived, thus providing a new approach to the accurate calculation of characteristic depths in open channels. Results of error analysis and practical example indicated that within the practical scope of engineering, the maximum absolute relative error of the proposed formula was less than 0.118%, which was more accurate than all the presently available formulae. The proposed formula was of great val-ue for practical engineering

In order to study the distinction in dynamic characteristics of saturated soft clay under different cyclic loading, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were performed on the Pearl River Delta saturated soft clay under one-way cyclic loading or tow-way cyclic loading. The results of tests indicate that：(a)The critical dynamic stress ratio under one-way cyclic loading is much bigger than that under tow-way cyclic loading. (b)The accumulation of axial strain under one-way cyclic loading is more obvious than that under tow-way cyclic loading, but the accumulation of axial strain under one-way cyclic loading is less obvious than that under tow-way cyclic loading. (c)Under one-way cyclic loading, the development of accumulative axial strain is similar with that of accumulative pore pressure. (d) Under tow-way cyclic loading, the accumulation of axial strain is little before soil is destroyed and the development curve of accumulative axial strain has characteristic of collapse. On the contrary, the pore pressure increases quickly with cyclic times until soil is destroyed and the development curve of accumulative pore pressure has characteristic of collapse.

RNG k-ε turbulence model is employed to study the hydraulic characteristics in the spillway tunnel downstream ogee segment
when the middle gate chamber is with the sudden lateral expansion and vertical drop export. The research is mainly focused on the effect of
the middle gate chamber length on the hydraulic characteristics with different Froude numbers in the ogee segment,and the flow regime is obtained,the strength of water-wing and the cavity shape of change rule finally. The length of chamber in spillway tunnel are the main factors
influencing the aerated flow when the Froude number is certain. Results show that: when the length of chamber is relatively short,the cavity
length on lateral and bottom are short,the cavity effusion is serious,and the mixed gas at the bottom is not obvious. when the length of chamber is relatively long,the intensity of water wing is larger,the flow regime is easy to deteriorate.

Abstract: Since Gated Dam boundary conditions suddenly shrink between the reservoir and the sluice chamber and the chamber section has a large flow and high water head, It is easy to appear water flow regime difference and intermittent suction vortex in front of the gate.In order to select the reasonable shape of guide wall,and analyze the inlet flow pattern, flow line, surface velocity,vortex distribution, transverse water level difference and so on, the numerical simulation analysis method and the physical model test verification method has been used to optimize body size and layouts of the guide wall.It is concluded that optimization scheme of water guide wall narrowing river bed in advance before the gate can improve the inlet flow pattern effectively,reduce the transverse velocity,and eliminate the intermittent suction vortex.The research results has a certain reference value to design the guiding wall for gated dam.

In order to return the negative effect of backflow vortex more in-depth study suction connection of high speed centrifugal pump. Setting an orifice plate in front of the inducer can decrease the harm caused by backflow vortexes. Preliminary forms of traditional plates were analyzed. Three new types of orifice plates were designed for comparison. Simulating the number of a high-speed centrifugal pump based on ANSYS-CFX software and RNG . Four different forms of orifice plate were analyzed whether it can control the backflow vortex or not. Import flow and the velocity vector in import section were analyzed. How the orifice plate effect on pressure and internal flow field of backflow vortex. The performance curves of different orifice plate were analyzed. C type orifice can improve the backflow vortex by comprehensive comparison and analysis, which can decrease the low pressure area of backflow vortex and improve the hydraulic performance of high speed pump.

Correct determination of operating points of centrifugal pumps is a prerequisite for optimizations of pump type selection, pumping station design and its safe and economic operation. Specifically, the head-discrete performance curve of centrifugal pump was described by discrete points while the parameters belong to non-discrete points were obtained by cubic spline interpolation. Then, according to the hydraulics principles, equations to calculating operating points of single, parallel and series centrifugal pumps were established, with detailed procedures of dichotomy numerical calculation. A new method to calculate operating points of centrifugal pumps is proposed in this study. Finally, the established equations, programming with MATLAB, was applied in a water intake pumping station to get the operating points from any one of twelve identical parallel pumps distributing in four wells. The results indicated that the proposed numerical method was feasible to calculate the operating points of centrifugal pumps.

This paper discusses the design and research contents of the flood prevention and evacuation system in mountainous area, which puts forward the optimal control method in dynamic programming and has the capacity of the point line combination model of flood refuge. Using the Dijkstra algorithm to solve the shortest path of the evacuation of the victims, the road resistance function model is used to analyze the real-time traffic condition of the road network, and the road network warning level is divided into 4 different levels. In this paper, the construction of flood shelters and location principle pioneered by shell theory analysis of the population resettlement area optimization problem, and to Yanbian County as an example analysis of the flood refuge system research. The theory presented in this model is universal and can be used for the analysis and research of other flood flooded areas in China.

Gumbel-Hougaard Copula is used to analyze the joint probability distribution and the simultaneous frequency distribution of the two variables of peak and duration. G-H Copula can also reflect the combined risk probability of two variables. In the case of the same frequency, the combined risk probability of peak and duration is very low.The duration of the five year flood is likely between 31.7h to 40.2h.The duration of ten year flood is unlikely to occur in more than 45h. In addition, when the return period is less than 200 years in PA River Basin, the probability of more than 200 year flood is very low. The analysis results have reference value for flood frequency analysis and disaster reduction work.

Establishing a scientific evaluation index system helps to accurately evaluate the role of projects and benefits .As for the full implementation of mountain torrent disaster prevention and control of the Gansu Province in 2010,we have made a comprehensive combing for the
project construction background.From the mountain torrent disaster survey and evaluation,non-engineering measures complement and flash
flood channel governance tripartite face of mountain torrent disaster prevention project construction situation and the present situation are analyzed. Through the establishment of mountain torrent disasters prevention and control of the comprehensive evaluation index system,the effect
of mountain torrent disaster prevention and control project in Gansu Province is evaluated so as to provide a scientific basis for decision-making in projects.