The crop optimal irrigation time varies with irrigation and precipitation under the limited water supply, and accordingly optimal distribution of soil moisture in the growth period does with it. The concept of dynamic irrigation low limit (DILL) is so proposed and the method determining DILL was given based on the optimal irrigation scheduling in this paper. The optimal irrigation scheduling is established according to crop-water model which was formed by coupling the crop growth model (P123), soil water-heat- nitrogen dynamic model, and crop evapotranspiration model. The parameters of the crop-water model were calibrated and validated with the data of winter wheat and multiple cropping corn field experiment conducted in 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012. Five optimal irrigation schedules of typical year were determined in maximizing benefit of winter wheat and multiple cropping corn under the limited water supply. We further estimated 45 groups of the average soil moisture content of main root zone (0-60cm) before an irrigation, the corresponding irrigation time and water supply, from the optimal irrigation schedules. From these data, a predict model of winter wheat and multiple cropping corn DILL was established by alternately using excel solver and multiple regression analysis from Office Excel. The yield and benefit increase，due to use the DILL model to forecast the irrigation time under the limited water supply, was simulated based on the crop-water model. The results showed that under the 4 times and 3 times irrigation the yield average increases in five years (2008～2012) are 8.3% and 18.1％ for winter wheat, 5.8％ and 1.3％ for multiple cropping corn, and the benefit increase are 10.0％ and 14.1％ respectively, comparing to the traditional irrigation. The proposed method can avoid the shortage of the traditional way in which the determination of irrigation lower limit is solely dependent on field experiment. The irrigation forecast based on DILL provides an important method to implement and dynamically determine optimal irrigation scheduling under the limited water supply.

In order to research the relations between the root-water-uptake of crop and salt transport in root zone, field experiments were conducted under saline water irrigation in Shiyang Rive Basin. It introduced into the root-water-uptake model, which was proposed by Feddes. the root-water-uptake model coefficients were calculated based on the field experiments and practical observed data. The results showed that the maximum root-water-uptake rate was calculated under the optimal irrigation conditions by calculating relative root length density and potential transpiration rate. It also calculated salinity stress reduction function under sufficient irrigation with saline water by calculating transpiration intensity and soil osmotic potential. The parameter (p) of salinity stress reduction function was validated and compared with calculation value. The RMSE values were less than 0.1 and the MRE values were less 10% within the allowable error range in validation and calculation of the parameter (p). It established the root-water-uptake model of maize under salinity stress conditions. This model can benefit understanding of the law of soil water-salt movement under maize growth.

The ratio of new types of agricultural business entities to continue to adopt drip irrigation technology is higher than small-scale farmers. The main reason for a high proportion of the water-saving technology appliance of new types of agricultural business entities is labor-saving instead of water-saving. The reasons for small-scale farmers’ abandon included that the problem of new water-saving irrigation technology adaptability, bad quality of village public management and farmers cooperation and high risks of agricultural investment. For a good extension of drip irrigation technology, reforms of water fee system should be promoted，the support to small-scale farmers and the follow-up management of water-saving agricultural projects should be emphasized. Solving contradictions between food security and water resources must be thought as the primary objective of the extension.

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is a new type of water-saving irrigation technique. Test scheme of hydraulic elements of lateral of SDI is proposed, and the spatial physical distribution feature of soil physical parameters (soil initial moisture content and soil clay content) is researched, and the spatial distribution patterns of the soil physical parameters is analyzed to explore the effects of soil spatial variability on hydraulic characteristics of lateral of SDI. On this basis, hydraulic calculation model of laterals of SDI considering soil spatial variability is established. The model is transformed into optimization problem of objective function, and genetic algorithm is used to solve related parameters. Compared the test data with the calculation results, it indicates that the model has high accuracy. The model lays the foundation for the inner link between soil spatial variability and hydraulic characteristics of lateral of SDI.

The method for calculation drainage modulus was studied, which was of important practical significance for the determination of the suitable scale of water logging control projects and effective reduction of waterlogging disaster losses. Based on systematic illustration of the method for calculation drainage modulus of existing circumstances, the Luoshan drainage area in Four-lake Watershed in Hubei Province was selected as the research area. Drainage moduli calculated with the empirical formula, average draining method, water balance method and hydrodynamic model for river networks respectively were compared quantitatively under two kinds of water logging control standards. And the selection of methods for calculating drainage modulus in the plain lake areas was discussed. Results showed that the empirical formula, average draining method, water balance method and hydrodynamic model for river networks were appropriate to calculate drainage modulus in the Luoshan drainage area. Considering the characteristic of protected objects and the increased frequency of extreme weather events, drainage moduli calculated by the water balance method and the empirical formula were respectively suggested to ensure the project safety under one-day rainstorm and three-day rainstorm. The research results could be used as a reference for reasonable selection methods for calculating drainage modulus.

In order to analyze the total industrial wastewater discharge regulation of city cluster in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, this paper takes 17 economic indicators in 25 cities of this region as an example. Methods of data exploration analysis and random effect model of panel data econometric analysis were used. After empirical analysis, the U type feature of discharge regulation was found in which the total industrial wastewater difference of cities decreased first and then expanded. The employment structure had effect on industrial wastewater emission but adjustment of industries had not. Investment factors had significant inhibitory effect on the discharge of industrial wastewater while consumption factors had not. Based on the conclusion, relevant suggestions were proposed.

Abstract: "5.12" wenchuan after the earthquake，the frequency of debris flow and the rainfall characteristics have great changes in the earthquake zone，but rainfall induced debris flow is main debris flow types within the region,rainfall is the main inducing factors，therefore，the correct understanding and prevention of the debris flow is very important for disaster prevention and control. By investigating 2008 wenchuan after the earthquake in nine districts, a total of 37 typical debris flow ditch type rainfall induced debris flow disasters and near typical debris flow gully region of article 13 of the debris flow gully terrain data, contrast analysis of the wenchuan after the earthquake of rainfall induced debris flow terrain data and rainfall characteristics, and in accordance with the rain type characteristics of the wenchuan after the earthquake zone type rainfall induced debris flow and run mechanism can be divided into three categories; big rain excitation type mainly erosion and scouring the outbreak of debris flow, continuous rain type induced debris flow are mainly composed of infiltration. In wenchuan after the earthquake debris flow warning forecast and disaster prevention and mitigation is of great significance.

It is difficult for the conditions of water samples collection, transportation and storage to satisfy the requirements of national standard method during the assessment of water quality in remote areas. In this study, the CODCr, TP and F- were set as the water quality evaluation index, the factors that influenced the water-quality index were simulated and evaluated, and the effective solutions were obtained. Studies show that, when the water samples were acidified with sulphuric acid to pH<2.0 and then placed steadily at 4℃ for one day, the test results from national standard method were consistent with those from portable instrument test method. If the water samples cannot be stored at 4℃ due to some restrictions, the results from portable instrument test method can meet the test requirements through adjusting the pH of water samples<2.0 and placed steadily at room temperature for one day. For the test of total phosphorus content, water samples need to be acidified at the scene, preserved and transported at room temperature and determined within 24 hours. The storage time could not be more than 3 days for long distance transportation. Furthermore, shaking and transient temperature rise had little effect on the determination of total phosphorus content. For the test of fluoride content, water samples should not be acidified and the test should be finished within two weeks if the water samples were stored at room temperature. In addition, the studies show that there are some limitations for the test method by portable instrument when the compositions of the water samples are complicated.

According to the characteristics of northern rivers’ complex pollution types and large areas of dry floodplain, this paper analyzed existing river eco-restoration modes and river eco-restoration techniques and its applicability. And it put forward an eco-restoration mode by constructing compound ecologic rehabilitating system on the floodplain of contaminated river and conducted a test on Caifangshen section of Fuzhou River. The results show that this mode runs steadily; saves riparian land effectively; possesses certain effects on reducing SS,COD,TN,TP from the preliminary water quality analysis.

Under the background of global climate change and urbanization, waterlogging and water shortage are frequent in cities. This situation reflects that the constructions of the water landscapes lack comprehensive thinking from the view of multifunction. When we look back at the history of human settlements, the traditional rural landscapes can be seen as excellent models of sustainable development. The traditional rural landscapes not only can cope with natural disasters, but also integrate various functions in terms of production, living and ecology. In this paper, the Water Landscapes of Traditional Rural Settlements in Guangdong Province, China will be used as examples to analyze their seven interactive functions from the perspective of the sustainable combination of production, living and ecology functions. The author argues that the traditional landscapes with production, living and ecology functions are the results of rural residents' explorations and practices through concerted efforts with the goal of improving their human settlements. Under the trend of the deepening division of labor in cities, the goal and the process of improving people’s human settlements are fragmented. In order to cope with global climate change, the construction of sustainable landscapes with multifunction should start from communities building.

In order to timely and accurate monitoring of qinghe reservoir total suspended matter(TSM)，with the OLI data of Landsat satellite and the calculation of SPSS, this paper analyzes the relevant relationship between TSM concentration and single band or band combinations, the ratio of the liner regression model and nonlinear least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM) was established by taking the relation as the correlation coefficient of largest, then TSM concentration of the Qinghe reservoir was studied of quantitative remote sensing inversion. Results indicated that the LS - SVM model could make the predicted and actual value of determination coefficient R2 increased from 0.686 to 0.88 and the average relative error decreased from 3.52% to 3.16% compared with the ratio linear regression model .therefore ,using the LS - SVM model for the inversion precision of TSM increased significantly．

With the accelerating urbanization process, the hydrological processes changes violently. Further study about the rules and characteristics of urban hydrology change can provide theoretical support for the simulation and calculation. On the basis of fully understanding the mechanism and process of the runoff generation and confluence, and by using the knowledge of hydrology and hydraulics, the urban rainfall runoff model was built combining the characteristics of Shilipu district in Hanyang Wuhan. Due to the several methods used in runoff generation and confluence, different models were obtained by different combination and all models were calibrated and verified. The results showed that the models built were reasonable.

Abstract: The traditional BP neural network has a good ability to approximation to the nonlinear mapping.Howerer,it has some defects,such as the slow convergence,fall into local minimum easily and bad generalization ability. It’s often difficult to meet the needs of actual forecast accuracy. This paper uses the method of Calman Filer, filtering the original data of dam displacement from observed, in order to eliminate the disturbance of random error. And applied the genetic algorithm, optimize the weights and thresholds of neural network to improve the global search ability. Established the GA-BP model based on Calman filter. Taking a dam displacement prediction as an example, the result shows that this model has been improved over the traditional BP model in forecasting precision and has certain applied value.

Dam deformation prediction was a key component of the dam safety monitoring system and played a key role on monitoring the safe operation of the dam. However, the dam deformation monitoring data was easy to be polluted by random interference noise, which would affect the deformation prediction accuracy. Therefore, a Kalman-ARIMA model was proposed, which firstly removed the random interference noise of observed data based on the Kalman filter, and then used the ARIMA model to model the filtered data and made predictions. Combined with a dam displacement monitoring data, the displacement of this dam was predicted with Kalman-ARIMA model, which then was compared with the displacement prediction only using of ARIMA model. The results showed that Kalman-ARIMA model could effectively reduce the errors between the prediction value and true value, and this model could be applied to dam deformation prediction.

To study the fluctuating pressure in stilling basin floor of stepped spillway which no anti-arc．Studied on fluctuating pressure in stilling basin floor of stepped spillway by physical model test method．The results show that fluctuating pressure is time-varying stationary random process in stilling basin floor．Fluctuating pressure intensity and peak value increases gradually alone the first，and reach the maximum in flow impacting area，the maximum is 1.198kPa，then decrease gradually，as well as increase with flow traffic increasing．With step height decreasing，fluctuating pressure increasing in hydraulic jump area．The dominant frequencies of fluctuations is 0.01HZ~4HZ，belongs to the low-frequency vibration，and the probability density is skewness distribution．

The design conditions of coastal sluice are very complex, and scour protection is particularly prominent. TRIZ is an innovative theory, the system can efficiently analyze the causes and property issues. Article details combing the inherent laws and principles under sluice erosion in existence, and gradually explore multi-program and multi-target anti-punch approach to provide direction for technical improvements. The results showed that, the solution proposed by the theory has been adopted by most of scholars, TRIZ theory can provide more ideas and direction for design and further research. It deserves further introduced into the hydraulic engineering research and design innovation.

ATS hydropower plant size is larger, water wheel generator room a length of 87.6 m, 43.3m wide, underwater 35m high. Because of the topography and geological conditions, foundation of water wheel generator room is different foundation medium, The general structure of the mechanical calculation can't reflect the influence of different stress of foundation medium, need three-dimensional finite element stress analysis method. According to the geological survey and design data,construct a three dimensional finite element mesh model. Main structure model to simulate the plant and water wheel generator room、a geological structure at the bottom of the tail gate pier, contrast calculation without pile and with pile foundation stress and deformation,argument in the case of poor geological conditions set the necessity of pile foundation.

In seasonal frozen soil regions, rigid material lining seepage channels often suffer from varying degrees of frost damage due to negative temperature in winter. This seriously affects the normal operation of channels and the effect of seepage control. Aiming at the problem of channel concrete lining frost heaving damage in Lin-he area, Inner Mongolia, this paper offers a solution that laying different thicknesses polyurethane insulation boards under the channel concrete lining. We conduct the field test and utilize the ADINA to analyze the law of frost heave at different positions of the canal. The results show that a thickness of 6 cm polyurethane insulation board cuts the frost heave amount of 12.5 cm and cut frost heave rate of 81% in yin slope of channels and a thickness of 5 cm polyurethane insulation board cuts the frost heave amount of 3.2 cm and cut frost heave rate of 68% in slope of channels. This can effectively prevent frost heave damage and provide technical support for the thickness of polyurethane board in the lining canal construction.

Stilling basin with bottom protectionis widely used in the design of traditional low water head sluices for energy dissipation. For some low water head sluices with good geological condition, the bedrock after excavation can be directly used as the bottom plate of the stilling basin and without the bottom protection. The Xingfuyan Sluice without the bottom protection is chosen to be the research object. The hydraulics theory calculation, Flow-3d RNG turbulent model and the VOF method areadopted to conduct the three dimensional numerical simulation of flow field of stilling basin. The results indicated that the numerical simulation results agree well with the theoretical calculation results andthe maximum flowvelocity in the stilling basin is less than the resisting flow velocity of the bedrock, which illustrated that energy dissipation measures without the bottom protectionfor low water head sluices with good geological conditions scientific and reasonable.The result can provide design support and reference of the similar low head sluices energy dissipation engineering.

Abstract:In order to ensure the prediction accuracy and improve the length of the dam monitoring data,the ARIMA model and the realtime tracking algorithm are combined to build the dam deformation monitoring model.Make use of the good fitting of ARIMA model to fit and forecast,then use real-time tracking algorithm to improve the length of the dam monitoring data.Using the measured distortion monitoring data of a dam as an example,the model is tested to be of high precision and long predicted length and it is worthy of being applied to the dam deformation forecast or other hydropower projects.

This article select daily precipitation data from 1959 to 2006 from 17 meteorological stations in Huangshui River basin for studying drought trend here. First, we calculated the standardized precipitation index (SPI) which scale is six months. then, we studied the trend of SPI、drought duration and drought severity by using the Mann - Kendall Trend Test. Finally, we used three kinds of commonly functions from Archimedean Copula Function Family to joint the sequence of drought duration and drought severity, and optimized the best copulas connect fitting function and calculated the joint return period of combined moderate drought and heavy drought. Analysis on time scales shows the time this basin tended to wet concentrated in 6 ~ 9 months and arid trend were concentrated in December to march of next year. The polarized situation of more drought in the severe drought season and wetter in the wet season may enhance the drought in summer in this basin. Analysis on the spatial distribution shows the drought risk in southeastern basin is higher than northwest. The possibilities of light drought in southeast basin will be increased.

Aiming at the problem of traditional flood forecast which usually tries to the genetic or average disciplinarian of forming runoff in the basin by rating a set of hydrological model parameters will produce larger error in special case, and the problem of not fully considering the history information in flood forecasting error correction, by using the K-Cluster analysis and similarity of the flood that can enlarge the real-time information ,a classified correction of real-time flood forecasting method is presented. Classify rate hydrological model parameters of 30 floods and the classified correction of real-time flood forecasting method are made for real-time correction of 4 floods in Yandu River basin. The results show that the classified correction of real-time flood forecasting method can improve the forecasting precision, especially the accuracy of peak discharge to a very great extent.

The earth-rock cofferdam, as a temporary building, not like the earth-rock dams, has the characteristics of single structure form and poor anti-risk ability. Based on the realistic need of evaluating risk loss of cofferdam-break and risk management, visualization model of cofferdam-break is being established, by using ArcMap platform to establish flood risk map for its advantage of conjoint analyzing spatial data and attribute data, to intuitively indicate the inundated area due to cofferdam-break flood and evaluate the loss of cofferdam-break scientifically. The model assigns elevation to water surface curve, then matching the lever to the digital terrain of downstream reservoir and getting the maximum depth of submergence field. At last, through symbolizing the numerical object, the model intuitively reflect the inundated area. The methods proposed are applied to analyze Lawa power station, provdiding efficient technical support for safety management and selection of reasonable diversion scheme, which is of high value in practice.

Pumping station is important infrastructure to solve the problem of irrigation in hilly area.But due to the complex topography, to build a fixed pumping station can not fully meet the irrigation demand. In order to solve this problem, the authors puts forward the design scheme of mobile pumping station with submersible pump as the core components. The series and parallel operation of the submersible pump is realized through the reasonable arrangement of the water diversion structure and valve, which has expanded its scope of application. The experimental results show that the indexes meet the design requirements. The unit has reasonable structure, convenient use and maintenance, and is suitable for popularization and application in Hilly and mountainous areas.

This research designed the risk management decision support system of multi-objective reservoirs operation which core is some basic risk management decision making methods based on the development platform of Delphi Combined with MATLAB and C++ programming language. Also, the application of this Risk Management Decision Support System for Multi-objective Reservoirs Operation in Yalong River cascaded reservoirs is provided in this paper. The study in this paper can provide theory and technology support for the other decision supporting system for multi-objective reservoirs operation risk management in China.

In order to shorten the calculating time effectively for solving the optimal power-generation scheduling of reservoir(s), in recent years, scholars have carried out related research on the parallel strategy for reservoir (s) optimal calculating. Asynchronous parallel calculating used in the mid-long-term optimal power-generation scheduling of series-connected reservoirs based on the method of large system decomposition and coordination is proposed in this paper. Taking the series-connected reservoirs composed by two reservoirs located in Lixian River for example, in its mid-long-term optimal power-generation scheduling, decomposition-coordination asynchronous parallel calculating method has got related verification. To resolve the problems for the optimal scheduling of mixed-connected reservoirs, this new parallel strategy also provides a new direction of application and research for improving calculating efficiency.