Water and fertilizer are two important factors of food production in semi-arid area. Therefore, it is of great significant for actual production to study the coupling effect of water and fertilizer on maize yield with drip irrigation under plastic film. A field experiment on maize yield was conducted with 311-D optimized saturation design. A mathematical quadratic regression model was established based on the data of maize yield. The results shows that, N, P and water(W) had a positive effect on maize yield and N was the main factor, followed by W and P. The order of interactive effects between factors is N&W>P&W>N&P, among which, N&W and N&P show positive effect, while, P&W shows substitute effect. From the view of yield, In order to get the maize yield more than 14000 kg /hm2,the range of fertilizer amount was: N 290.73～315.81 kg/hm2,P 125.50～147.40 kg /hm2,irrigation water 505.60～587.95 m3/hm2，when K was fixed at 250kg/hm2.

For the water fertilizer proportion cannot adjust and irrigation accuracy control problem in the agricultural water-saving irrigation, control algorithm of the combination of PID control, fuzzy control and grey prediction control was designed. The PID control was based on fuzzy rules, query fuzzy matrix table to obtain parameter self-turning, then it could adjust the parameters of PID in real-time to achieve effective ,furthermore, joined multi-factors grey forecasting MGM (1, n) for predicting crop water requirement and accurate control of system. The running results show that the overshot is reduced by 14.68% and the response time of this system reaches a 86.62%reduction compared with conventional PID control, other the overshot is slightly rose by 14.68% and the response time of this system reaches a 77.71% reduction compared with fuzzy PID control . Meanwhile, This system has response speed and good real-time performance, stability through the experiment of water fertilizer concentration and fertilizer consumption precise control, so the water fertilizer irrigation effect is greatly enhanced.

Based on the natural environment and water consumption status in Liaoning province and in consideration of the characteristics of water-saving agricultural development, an area division indication system is established with 8 indicators of 5 types, e.g. climate, water resources, agricultural structure, type of irrigation areas as well as terrain landform. And the dimension reduction algorithm is applied on the 8 original indicators via factor analysis method, thus to extract key indicators, and then the clustering analysis method is used to carry out agricultural area division for water-saving. Finally, six regions are divided: low mountain hill water-deficient region in western Liaoning, roll plain sandstorm region in northern Liaoning, plain region of Liaohe watershed in central Liaoning, lowland flooded plain region at Liaohe delta, and water sufficient mountainous region in eastern Liaoning.

Farmland ditch wetlands have good purification effect to agricultural non-point source pollutants. For ditch wetlands design, the area calculation is critical to wetlands scale determination and purification effect. Based on the study of the area calculation theory of artificial wetland, this paper analyzes the specific characteristics of ditch wetlands, such as the rainfall runoff, farmland irrigation, wetlands plants and other influence factors, and puts forward the area calculating method of farmland ditch wetlands .

Abstract: On the basis of Budyko hypothesis, Fu Baopu model was used to calculate the actual evapotranspiration in the upper reaches of Minjiang River during the period of 1980-2003. The results showed that Fu Baopu model had an accepted performance in simulating the actual evapotranspiration (ET) in the study area. The annual actual ET had a significant decreasing trend at the 95% confidence level, with an average of 304.6 mm/year and a decreasing rate of 7.8 mm/(10a). The decreasing trends were found for all seasons, and were significant at 95% confidence level for spring and summer. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the most important climate factor influencing the actual ET in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River was precipitation, followed by relative humidity and sunshine duration.

This paper uses the development, utilization and management of water resources as theory, starting from the sustainable development of water resources, putting six water-saving standards as a criterion including comprehensive water saving, industry water saving, agriculture water saving, life water saving, ecology water saving and economy water saving, etc. constructing urban water saving evaluation index system. This evaluation index system is used as the foundation, using AHP and improved entropy method and constructed fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to do comprehensive evaluation for the situation of urban water conservation of Zhengzhou City. The results show that the water saving situation of Zhengzhou City is in the medium level and it is necessary to strengthen the water saving and promote the construction of water-saving city.

The real-time flood forecasting error correction technology has great significance for improving the accuracy of flood forecasting. Firstly, these two real-time flood forecasting error correction methods based on the system response theory are simply introduced in this paper, then these two correction methods coupled with Xinanjiang model are applied in Fuchunjiang basin which is seriously affected by water conservation engineering projects and poor representative of rainfall data. According to the comparison and analysis of the results of these two updating methods, the performance of runoff updating method based on system response curve is better than which of the mean areal rainfall updating method. Authors of this paper analyze the performance difference from angle of the structures of these two methods. The paper has some significance for researchers to select a suitable real-time flood forecast updating method.

This paper uses the distributed hydrological model BTOPMC,select nine catchments in the middle reaches of the Jia Ling-Jiang basin,use the parameter transplant of the regionalization methods to study the runoff simulation results in ungauged watersheds. We choice eight catchments to calibrate parameters, a catchment is used to verify. The results show that, the precision of the simulation is uncertainly when the parameters of single catchment rate. The uncertain factors are disappeared when use several parameters of catchment rate. The simulation precision is best when the complement catchments are 2-5,the simulation accuracy decrease after increasing of the catchments. This study provide certain basis for using the distributed hydrological model BTOPMC in free observational data catchments.

This study used the fractal network technology (FNEA) and eCognition processing platform, combined with high-resolution multi-spectral image RapidEye remote sensing images，had a study on the extraction of wetlands of Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The image coverage of the Tarim Basin is large, and the information on the image are very rich. This paper changed the data in this study by principal component analysis (PCA),and using multi-scale segmentation method combining ESP scale evaluation tool to get different types of wetlands optimal segmentation scale parameter. Under the segmentation results of FNEA，a classification rule set was built from the easy to the difficult, which is according to the spectra，texture and spatial relationship of the various types of wetlands. Results show that PCA can remove the redundant information of the image, the first component (PC1) and second component(PC2) can be used as the main features of the mean of wetland extraction. Multi-scale classification Based on FNEA can solve the study area wetland segmentation scale quickly, and finish the automatic recognition and extraction of information accurately. The overall classification accuracy reached 87.7%, Kappa coefficient was 0.842.

Collapse of bank will be one of typical engineering geological problems,after the dams begin their full functions .It is influenced by many different factors with complex relationships. The Influence weights of that factors on the collapse of bank are difficult to be clarified only in the case of field investigation.According to previous experience and experiment conditions, four important factors in collapese of bank are selected in this experiment.The factors are slope material composition, slope of the original slope, wave size and water level.This physical simulation experiment is designed with orthogonal design and analyzed with range analysis to study the sensitivity of the width of bank collapse to the factors.The result shows that the sensitivity of bank collapse in width in descending order of the various factors: slope material composition, slope gradient, wave size, water level.

The daily runoff data which is record from Yichang Gauging Station during 1878 to 2010 were analyzed to obtain the temporal and spatial trend of upper Yangtze River’s runoff by using the Mann-Kendall trend test method and the histogram matching approach (HMA). The results showed that the time when natural runoff of Yichang Gauging Station changed and the upper reaches water resources engineering time is consistent. Due to regulation of the reservoir in the upper reaches of Yichang Station, the volume of runoff decreased and the frequency, duration and reversal times changed obviously. As the development of urbanization accelerates today, the utility of water is also increasing. How to make people get sufficient water and not to have a significant impact on the ecosystem is very important. It must strengthen the protection and regulation of surface water resources.

Nandong underground river is composed of two independent underground river systems of South Branch Cave and North Branch Cave, which flows out of the ground surface through many outlets after being mixed in complex cave system. Special cave structure and extremely poor air environment in the cave lead to difficulties in measuring, dividing, measuring, evolving and studying subsystem runoff volume. End-source method was adopted as guiding ideology in the study. Caves were explored and studied in dry season. Water was sampled from two underground river locations and outside the cave for analysis. Nandong underground river water chemical features, mud content, hydrogen and oxygen isotopic feature and other characteristics were analyzed. Hydrochemistry ion, isotope, river sand content and other indexes were filtered according to the laws of the dilute solution. Principle of mass conservation was utilized for studying proportion relations between runoffs of two subsystems. Analysis results showed that firstly Nandong underground river belongs to HCO3 — Ca·Mg water with carbonate hardness more than 50%, which is mainly controlled by rock weathering effect; secondly, runoff ratio of south and north branches was 4.3722:1, namely south branch runoff accounts for 81.48% of total runoff in Nandong underground river. It provided reference from evaluation, rational development and allocation of water resources in Nandong underground river. Meanwhile, the research method has certain reference significance for studying system runoff identification.

Submersible axial-flow pump is usually used for one-way and horizontal pumping system, rarely used in two-way flow pump device. Based on the numerical simulation of submersible axial-flow pumping system, the flow characteristics and internal flow are analyzed, and the performances of pumping system are predicted. The structures of suction and discharge passages of the pumping system are improved. The model pumping system was tested in high precision test rig to obtain the comprehensive characteristic curve of the system, the efficiency of pump system at the design point is 67.3%, the average increased by 3~5 percent points. To remove the vortices rope which was found in the suction passage during the test measurements, an anti-vortex cone was developed and set on the floor below the bell mouth of inlet pipe and the vortices rope were eliminated successfully, the safety of pump operation was improved.. The prediction results of pumping performance are basically consistent with the measurement results of the model test in operation area around best efficiency points.

Abstract: Combined with the 30° slanting axial-flow pump set of Huan Jiaba, the pump set model was designed and made. Moreover, the dynamic characteristic of model pump set about five blade angles, NPSHc of three blade angles and runaway characteristic at blade angle of -4° were got, and the energy characteristic of prototype pump set were converted based on the similarity theory. The results prove that the pump set has high efficiency, and its efficiency is as high as 83% at blade angle of -4. Not only its NPSHc is satisfied but also its runway speed is safe during large operating range. The pump set is suitable for low water-head large pumping station.

The softening of concrete was introduced. The feasibility of calculating flexural tensile strength and eccentric tensile strength using concrete stress-strain complete curve in direct tension was discussed through tests and finite element analysis. Based on that, a method to determine tensile strength of arch dams corresponding to the stress of arch-cantilever method and finite element equivalent stress was put forward and applied to an example.

In view of the variously implemented enclosed cut-off walls in current earth and rock-fill dam reinforcement projects, analysis of the impact of different wall bottom constraint forms on stress and deformation calculation results was the main content in this paper. It is respectively applied the fixed/contacted bottom constrain in the finite element calculation of the cut-off wall to determine the effect and its pattern. Analysis result shows that different form of bottom constraint has a more obvious impact on the stress results of finite element calculation of rigid walls and the impact pattern varies in bedrocks with different elastic modulus.

According to the actual characteristics and physical mechanism of the clay core failure mechanism in the earth-rock fill dam and the change of stress state and stress path which clay core was under in the practical engineering, a failure mechanism experiment of the clay core with cracks was designed. The influences of the widths of cracks, hydraulic pressure and inverted filter to clay core were explored. The results shown that the cracks with relatively narrow width would close after soaking while the cracks with relatively broad width could become the pathways for hydraulic fracture of soil samples; certain hydraulic pressure and loading rate were necessary conditions for the happen of hydraulic fracture; inverted filter played an active role in prevention of the happen of hydraulic fracture. The test results had certain reference values to the design of clay core wall dam bodies.

Abstract: Karst collapse is one of the frequent occurrence of main geological disasters in recent years in china， Groundwater is an important factor affecting of karst collapse.Based on Terzaghi consolidation theory and GMS software to establish a hydrodynamic - mechanics coupling model. On the basis of GMS software simulation the groundwater flow field above， composed the mechanical calculation program， achieved coupling simulation about hydrodynamic –mechanics. Therefore， this study has important theoretical and practical significance.The geological conditions as background in Wuhan city Qingling town Fenghuo village，Karst collapse of emphasis collapse area has been predicted and evaluated through established the hydrodynamic - mechanical coupling model in Wuhan city Qingling town Fenghuo village.The results showed that influencing factors consistent with the qualitative analysis. Rain accelerated destruction and deformation of the soil layer， accelerated breaking of soil cave. Construction draining caused quicksand phenomenon and destroyed sand layer. The Yangtze River water level fluctuations caused the mechanical action that have significant influence on the the development of soil cave.

Residual current operated protective device (RCD) is the protective instrument for the safe operation of rural power grid. It is effective in preventing the accident of electric shock and reducing the fire disaster. Firstly, the structure and the working principle of the RCD were simply introduced. The characteristics and the application of the most common types of RCD were analyzed and compared. Then, the current status of RCD trip boundary was emphatically studied. Finally, on the basis of the existed questions, it gives the rationalization proposals and measures to improve the reliability of RCD. Thus, the probability of the refusing operation and nuisance tripping would be reduced enormously.

In order to portray hydropower emergency response capability scientifically and systematically, an index system of hydropower emergency response capability was presented through the analysis of the hydropower emergency management program and emergency response capability feature and its index weight was determined by interval analytic hierarchy process (IAHP).With consideration of the fuzziness of emergency response capability evaluation, an measure model of hydropower emergency capability based on two-tuple linguistic information was built according to two-tuple linguistic information processing method, and which was applied to the computational analysis of a hydropower emergency response capability. The results show that the evaluation result of the model is consistent with the actual situation, and it can draw the strength of hydropower emergency response capacity easily due to good applicability and operability.