Abstract: Conducting the hyperspectral study of soil salt content in Hetao irrigated area, Inner Mongolia, the results demonstrated that converting the original spectra to continuum reflectance could highlight the important band site i.e. peak and trough of wave, which was beneficial for establishing stepwise regression model (R2=0.589,RMSE=0.327) for soil salt content’s quantitative inversion. On one hand, the partial least square regression method could build models by means of non-normal data of soil salt content; on the other hand, the built model had higher accuracy (R2=0.695) and more stability (R2=0.756) than stepwise regression method. The optimum result (R2=0.989, RMSE=0.368) was acquired after logarithm and first order differential transform of hyperspectra.

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) (Glomus mossea, BEG167; Glomus diuphauam, GD; Glomus versiforme, GV) on the growth, yield and grain nitrogen content of alternative furrow irrigated summer maize. The results showed that compared with the conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), the base diameter of stem, number of secondary roots, dry weight and grain nitrogen content of per maize root increased significantly by 6.8%, 10.9%, 11.5%, 11.5%, respectively, under alternative furrow irrigation (AFI) treatments. The maize height of AMF inoculation plants were not changed significantly, but the leaf aera per plant of GV inoculation maize increased significantly under AFI, the base diameter of stem and number of secondary roots also increased by 10.3%, 15.2%, respectively. Dry weights of per maize root were all increased by three AMF. The weight of dry ear and per 1000 grain of GV maize significantly increased by 8.4%, 2.5%, respectively under AFI conditions. The three kinds of AMF, especially BEG, increased the grain nitrogen content significantly. The growth, yield and grain nitrogen content response of different AMFs to AFI has varied greatly.

Based on the unsaturated soil water dynamics and root water uptake model, this paper built a numerical equation of soil water movement for drip irrigation and simulated soil water movement of protected eggplant under different irrigation treatment during the whole growth period with Hydrus-2D model. The result shows that there is good coherence between the experimental data and simulation data, and the equation can well reflect the soil water movement rule of eggplant under drip irrigation. The conclusion can provide theory for the reasonable design and operation of drip irrigation for the protected agriculture; meanwhile, combing with the protected crop water consumption law, it can supply theoretical support to make the high efficient irrigation system for the protected crop.

Abstract: Compared with the field experiments, determined the water consumption of double-season rice, did the research the relationship between the water yield and rice yield under the different irrigation modes in Ganfu plain irrigation area on 2012.The results showed that, the Evapotranspiration、Ground Leakage、and Crop Coefficients double season rice under the intermittent irrigation were lower than the treatment of submergence irrigation; Compared with the way of the submergence irrigation, the water consumption of early rice was reduced by 4.35% and the water consumption of late rice was reduced by 4.61% under the intermittent irrigation, then the Crop Coefficients (Kc) were decreased by 4% and 3.45% respectively. Water use efficiency were raised by 1.37% and 2.96%,the double season rice yield were advanced by 3.30% and 1.40%.

With regard to the aquifers of different depths, method of stratified sampling is used for groundwater in Groundwater science and engineering experimental site of ministry of land and resources of P.R.China.The results indicate that there are two saline aquifers and two brackish aquifers in the range of 100m deep from shallow to deep. The major hydrochemical types of salt water are Cl?SO4-Mg?Na and Cl?SO4-Na of brackish water. The TDS of salt water is more than 10g/L, and the hardness is also high. The TDS of brackish water is 1~1.5g/L. The ions ratio coefficients show that theγNa/γCl of SY01 is close to The ratio of seawater, but on the basis of comprehensive analysis of Cl/Br and γMg/γCa, the origin of groundwater is affected by the evolution of continental lixiviation water. Then theγNa/γCl of SY02,SY03,SY04 are deviate from the ratio of seawater, the phenomenon might be cation exchange between the sodium ions in groundwater and cations in the stratum.

The relationship between the total discharge amount of industrial waste water and per capita GDP were analyzed used EKC model. It was found that the interrelations between amount of industrial waste water and per capita GDP was ‘N-type’ It indicated that economic growth tended to aggravate the environmental burden.By using gray relative analysis method analyses relations between industry internal structure and water pollution, the result showed that among the factors in industrial emissions of COD: textile> Chemical Industry> Electronics> Machinery Industry. Luzhi irrational industrial structure brings a prominent water pressure on the environment. Finally, the paper proposed the optimization recommendations in view of the water pollution.

The distribution and the impact factors of the algal biomass of Panjiakou Reservior, in terms of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), have been studied in this paper by multi-seasoned field sampling and laboratory analysis, which offers a basic support in researching reservoir ecological problems. The results show (a) that, apart from winter, the Chl-a concentration varied seasonally in a U-shaped form, the Chl-a concentration of spring appeared larger than that of autumn and that of autumn marked larger than that of summer, and (b) that phosphorus was the major impact factor influencing the Chl-a`s temporal changes, nitrogen was the major impact factor in terms of longitudinal changes, and the water temperature dominates the vertical changes of the Chl-a concentration. Different physical and chemical factors contribute to chlorophyll-a concentration at different sections with Baohekou section being pH, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and permanganate index, Yanziyu section being water temperature, dissolved oxygen and ammonia, Baqian section being water temperature, total phosphorus, potassium permanganate index. Especially, phosphorus is the major influencing factors at Baqian section. However, further exploration on other physical and chemical factors affecting the chlorophyll-a concentration needs to be developed.

This paper selected 6 TM/ETM image data of Yudong reservoir watershed in Zhaotong city of Yunnan province from 1996 to 2012 year, and calculated normalized vegetation index (NDVI) of different periods. It estimated the vegetation coverage of Yudong reservoir watershed between 1996 and 2012 basing on pixel binary model, and then obtained the classification map of vegetation coverage in Yudong reservoir watershed. The results showed that: vegetation coverage changed great between 1996 and 2012, vegetation coverage increased from 0.306 in 1996 to 0.356 in 2012, increased 0.05, the increased area of vegetation coverage reached to 412.440km2, account for about 58.17% of the total area of the watershed. The recovery period of vegetation was 2000 to 2008, vegetation coverage showed a trend of sustained growth, and the period of 2008 to 2012 was the vegetation degradation, vegetation coverage continued to decrease.On the other hand,high quality of vegetation coverage area increased significantly between 1996 and 2012, especially in the east, middle west and southeast regions of the watershed, but the level of vegetation coverage obviously decreased much in the northwest between 2008 and 2012. Actually the high quality of vegetation coverage ever focused also decreased in the east.

Recently, Water environment quality assessment has become a fundamental word in water environment quality assessment and water function area management. Ordos’s 16 typical rivers water quality has been analysis in the research. The results show that the main factors in influencing water quality are dissolved oxygen, permanganate index, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and total nitrogen based on the single factor water quality identification index. Analysis results is assessed on comprehensive identification index method, two rivers water quality is not up to the water standard, the others meet corresponding standards.

Soil background concentrations of heavy metals are important criterion for the assessment of soil environmental quality. The background values of soil heavy metals (Cd ，Cr ，Cu ，Ni ，Pb and Zn) were investigated based on an extensive investigation in the central region of Shanxi. The revised background concentrations of the soils in Shanxi are proposed to be 0.087 mg/kg for Cd，46.90 mg/kg for Cr，17.62 mg/kg for Cu，26.50 mg/kg for Ni，26.02 mg/kg for Pb，57.95 mg/kg for Zn. All the heavy metals in the soils were lower than Grade Ⅰ of environmental quality standard for soils. Compared with the national soil background value, Cd, Ni and Pb content in the central region of Shanxi Province is consistent with the national , but the contents of Cr, Cu, Zn were less than the corresponding values of the national.

Aiming at the problem of usage of distributed hydrologic model that needs to calibrate the parameters with real runoff and precipitation data, when it is applied to calculate the design flood of ungauged area, this paper proposed a method which combines the existing integrated unit hydrograph of Sichuan province based on HMS distributed hydrologic model and used this method to calculate the design flood of certain project cross section in Qiong Jiang river upper reach. The result of this method has a little difference with the result calculated by rational formula and integrated unit hydrograph. So, the result of the method with HMS model is reasonable. The result of practice suggests that the HMS distributed hydrologic model method combined integrated unit hydrograph can calculate the design flood of ungauged area in Sichuan province. The result of HMS method has certain reference value on choosing design flood result, because the distributed hydrologic model can well characterize the physical structure of a basin to some extent.

The purposes of long-term water supply planning is meeting the water needs of agriculture, increasing agricultural irrigation water supply to ensure support capabilities. This paper, focus on Yunnan Agricultural Water Features ,establish agricultural water supply safety evaluation index system, using Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate Yunnan Agricultural water security before and after implementation of the plan. The results show that in 2010 agricultural water supply is orange warning state, while the major project implementation can effectively improve the level of protection of agricultural water supply; the effect of the planning is obvious.

Rural safety drinking water is the basic demand of farmers’survival and the key promble of new countryside construction.Farmers are the users of drinking water safety.Understanding the present situation of farmers’s drinking in water-shortage mountain area and respecting their willingness will be helpful to solve the problem of rural drinking water safety. This aspect of the research is few in academic circles at present.Therefore,Jiezhi township in Guangdong procinceis taken as a case and the promble of rural drinking water safety there is analyzed.Then 318 farmers are randomly selected from that town as the objects of questionnaire.It is concluded that most farmers’ drinking water quality has never been of chemical examination；Domestic waste is the main pollution source ；It is urgent and prior to solve drinking difficulty .Water entering household and increasing government input are hoped. Most farmers are willing to undertake several construction expense .At last, corresponding policy suggestions are put forward.

The management of water resources measurement and statistics in China developed from the chaos state to the legal state. At present, the existing issues in the management cannot meet the need of the implement of the strictest water resources management policy. Therefore, we suggest that different missions should be assigned to different management scales and levels. By combining these missions, we proposed a management mode for the water resources measurement and statistics management in China. That is: to establish the upper-to lower linked, fully-covered and graded responded management mode, which is compose of the elements of national instruction, industry assistance, basin bureaus balance and provincial implement.

Abstract: Sustainability of Economic in Tarim River basin subject to water resource vulnerability， which as a typical basin in arid zone，In order to coordinate water resource with economic development in the basin，assessing fragility of water resource real-time， improving efficiency of optimization control and scientific management for water， which is become the directions of watershed strategy for sustainable development . For this reason， based on the history and current situation of Tarim water resource， the fragility impact factors of water resource is found and identified， the major water issues is summarized as indicators of fragility assessment for water resource， the standard of water fragility assessment is established and mathematical model is selected for single factor evaluation and comprehensive evaluation ，results of water resources fragility is reflected quantitatively ，suggestions can be provided for water management and water using and theoretical basis can be provided for water resource planning.

Comparative study of grey prediction model, wavelet analysis method, wavelet neural network and fuzzy neural network has been made by calculating a real example of runoff prediction. Large and unevenly distributed error has been found when grey prediction model, wavelet analysis method are used. It is showed that wavelet neural network; fuzzy neural network are more better than grey prediction model; wavelet analysis method.

Based on the non-stationary and seasonal river monthly runoff series, a seasonal support vector machine forecast model is established by building the seasonal sample of support vector reservoir. This paper takes Three Gorges Reservoirs runoff series from 1950 to 2006 as training sample, and forecasts 2007~2009 monthly runoff by use of the seasonal support vector machine forecast model .Comparing with the standard support vector machine forecast model and the BP neural network forecast model, this model is more accurate and suitable for the reservoir runoff forecast.

By using 3D Dynamic Mesh technique, the numerical simulation of the unsteady flow field in a roto-jet pump was performed in this work. The surface motion of the impeller computational domain was defined by the Profile file in Fluent commercial code, in which the rotational direction and speed of the impeller were specified. In the simulation by means of Dynamic Mesh technique, all the computational domains, as stationary, were set in an inertial reference frame. Three methods (Spring-based Smoothing, Dynamic Layering and Local Remeshing) were used to achieve mesh deformation. The time-dependent relations of velocity field, pressure, the outlet flow rate and the radial force were obtained by this unsteady simulation. After a startup stage the flow starts to exhibit time-periodic behavior corresponding to blade passing frequency of impeller. Radial force direction from the axis points to the back of the pick-up pipe. This work shows that Dynamic Mesh technique could achieve numerical simulation of three-dimensional unsteady flow field in roto-jet pump and have a strong versatility and broad application prospects.

To investigate the performance and internal flow field characteristics of the axial flow pump model, based on the standard k-εmodel, 3-dimensional turbulent flow numerical simulations are performed in several operating conditions by using ANSYS CFX. The performance curves and the distribution of velocity and pressure on blades are obtained and analyzed. The results show that with the increasing of rotational speed, the head-flow performance curve is elevating, and the efficiency performance curve is moving to left with the decreasing of rotational speed. At low flow-rate conditions, the high efficiency region of the axial flow pump can be enlarged by the variable rotational speeds.

In order to better application of fly ash resources, in response to the national energy-saving emission reduction policy, enlarge application of high volume fly ash concrete in concrete engineering, combined with the construction practice of deep shaft concrete lining project of Xin Jiang Kashi kongur hydropower station, grade II fly ash pump performance test series by comparing the selected volume reached 52% pumping concrete as the research object for the lining project, the site quality evaluation results show that: the high volume of fly ash concrete can greatly improve the pump ability of concrete, pouring quality meets the design requirements engineering, the greatest degree of saving the cost and schedule project, has the advantages and prospects of application in large angle there is nothing comparable to this long distance deep inclined shaft lining in engineering practice, establishes the foundation for the future more high volume fly ash concrete.

In the clay and fine sand interbed, seepage control is achieved by means of forming impermeable walls by using multi-head small diameter soil cement mixing pile. First of all, carry out the experiments on impervious walls trunk, and outline series of test parameters and control standards. Based on the field tests on well pumping, and inspection on quality of excavation, as well as the mechanical experiments on the permeability of pit wall soil cement, it is feasible to control seepage by means of forming impervious wall by using multi-head small diameter soil cement mixing pile. At the same time, the control parameters used in the construction of impervious walls in such layer are determined.

The experimental study through improved hydraulic concrete abrasion (underwater ball method) two test parameters, the first is grinding media balls washed morphology, the existing norms of the ball round smooth surface morphology, replaced with rounded corners hexahedral；second is to adjust the gradation of the ball and quantity; By contrast test showed that：compared with the existing norms, the improved method for high-strength concrete, the wear rate and doubling halving abrasion strength, wear, excessive wear surface after the test，the wear effect significantly increased，the average depth of wear from 2～4mm to 20～35mm, reflecting the surface of the concrete body not abrasion resistance, better reflect the actual These conditions C40 high performance concrete abrasion wear rate and abrasion strength，better reflects the actual project wear.

Diversion standard selection to the entire hydropower project cost and schedules. Determine the diversion standard, to consider the project investment, construction period, the risk of multiple targets, from the overall optimization of diversion standard. This paper establishes the calculation model of risk rate based on JC method, this method is simple, accurate, and can be applied to the nonlinear limit state equation. Taking an actual hydropower project as an example, the methods of the risk rate under the condition of different return, then establish multi-objective risk decision model of diversion standard, and ultimately selected for this project, the calculation results show that, the model is valid, and the precision is high, can provide a theoretical basis for engineering construction.

The hydraulic model tests were performed to study the water depth change rules in the contraction section. The influences of the convergence angle in plan, the bottom slope and the flow rate to the flow patterns were analyzed. The water depth change laws and the water surface fluctuation were carried out. The relationships of the Froude numbers at the end of contraction section and the convergence angle and the flow rates were obtained. Furthermore, a formula with the purpose of calculating the water depth increases in contraction section was also derived out from Momentum Theorem, and the comparison between the calculated water depth and the experimental depth showed that the formula can be used to calculation the water depth increase in the open channel contraction sections.

The efficiency test is an important aspect for evaluating the performance of hydraulic turbine. The economic operation for a hydropower station is based on the efficiency characteristics of the turbine. In recent years, the turbine efficiencies of prototype hydraulic turbine units have been measured in many hydropower stations.In this paper some methods to measure hydraulic turbine efficiency are introduced. As a test method concerning the efficiency test with ultrasonic wave, the absolute efficiencies at unit 2# of Karun Ⅲ hydropower station are measured. The analyzed methods are presented in detail, including the measurement method and apparatus, test procedure, the uncertainty of test results and the test results analyzed. Some experiences with water turbine efficiency test using ultrasonic method are summarized, which would be helpful for performing hydraulic turbine efficiency test.

In accordance with the spiral case with cushion layer in one hydropower station, the effect of the friction coefficient between the spiral case and the cushion layer on the structural mechanical characteristics of the spiral case, together with the effect of friction coefficient between the spiral case and the concrete, was analyzed by finite element method. The results show that the coefficient of friction between the spiral case and the cushion layer has small effect on the stress and displacement of the surrounding concrete. Similarly, the friction coefficient between the spiral case and the concrete has no obvious effect on the displacement of the surrounding concrete. However, it makes a great difference to the stress and reinforcement of the concrete. When the friction coefficient increases from 0.25 to 0.60, particularly at the bottom, the circumferential stress of each section increases by around 14% and the areas of reinforcement by about 30% on average. However, it seems that this friction coefficient value 0.25 used in many previous researches, is a bit smaller according to relevant tests, thus it is relatively unsafe for the reinforced concrete structure. Therefore, the coefficient of friction between the spiral case and concrete should be selected carefully in the contact nonlinear analysis.

Aiming at the power transformer maintenance management, we proposed maintenance strategy based on risk assessment. We use the risk assessment theory to consider transformer fault probability, the loss of assets and the operating loss, to assessment transformer operation risk. We extrapolate the probability of failure of transformer on the basis of the transformer real-time status information. We can get the loss of assets through the transformer assets and degree of loss. We get the operating loss through the over-limited power flow, the over-limited voltage, the loss of load and many other indicators. We use ALARP principle to rate risk assessment results for transformer operation, make different maintenance strategies according to different risk levels .The risk-based assessment of electricity transformer maintenance strategy is effective after we verified some examples.

The iron-core friction fault treatment of Huiyuan hydropower Station 2# machine is carried out, and the results is verified by temperature rise test method. Through data analysis, the fault point temperature is no of significant difference with the others temperatures, seven changes are in the specifications. It is illustrated that the damaged parts processing has obtained success and the generator could meet the requirements of operation. After the temperature rise test, the operation interconnected to power grid is normal. The processing method is simple and could save time and cost for the owners.

Aiming to solve the existing deficiency of traditional turbine efficiency curve fitting, this paper equally chooses unit flow and unit speed as arguments, establishes two-argument high-order polynomial fitting function model between them and efficiency values, uses classical least squares to determine coefficients and realizes data fitting and error analysis by MATLAB. Through analyzing and verifying real example, it can be proved that this manner has a easy model to solve, has high fitting accuracy and applicability and can be easily come true by computer.