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    15 May 2013, Issue 5
      
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  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  1-5. 
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    Regional hydrologic process complexity is a new research mode, and the evolution characteristic of complexity of precipitation has been a hot topic. This paper diagnosed the complexity about monthly rainfall series of 10 farms in Hongxinglong Branch Bureau, based on equal probability coarse graining LZC. Using GIS technology drew a picture of complexity space pattern. The result showed that Bawusan farm was the most complex, Bawuer farm was less, Wujiuqi farm was the least. The follow-up analysis explained that the precipitation was one of the main influence factors on the changes of underground water depth. The research achievements revealed the evolution characteristics of complexity of local precipitation, and provide scientific evidence for the forecasting of regional rainfall and the depth of underground water and sustainable utilization and allocation of water resource.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  6-10. 
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    Impacted by the climate change and human activities, the flow of rivers and streams in arid and semi-arid regions are decreasing dramatically, which has caused severe problems both in people’s life and ecology. This study has established a watershed distributed hydrological model SWAT in an arid and semi-arid region Huangfuchuan watershed. In purpose of checking the behavior of SWAT in this watershed, the model has been run for the 1990-2004 period, and while the 1990-1999 periods have been used for calibration, the remaining parts for validation. A satisfaction result has been achieved with Ens, R2, Re are 0.80, 0.80 and -4.6% respectively in calibration period and 0.66, 0.67 and 10.1% respectively in validation period. With this study, an application of distributed hydrological model in arid and semi-arid regions has been achieved and a modeling framework has been founded to aid water management applications in Huangfuchuan watershed.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  11-14. 
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    In order to study the applicability of the SWAT model in the small and medium-sized basin , the author installed DEM, land utilization database, soil database and climate database for the establishment of SWAT model based on 3S,and established distributed hydrological model in Wohushan reservoir watershed. Then, the parameters were calibrated by observed flow from 2007 to 2009 and were validated from 2010-2011. The results showed that the correlation coefficient and Nash coefficient of monthly runoff simulation were higher than 0.70, and the relative error was lower than 15%. Overall, the SWAT model performs well in the Wohushan reservoir watershed.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  15-19. 
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    The spatial characteristic of soil moisture from 1951 to 2010 simulated by the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrology model was studied, and the annual variability, durative and tendency of soil moisture in different climatic regions was also analyzed. The results show that, 1) soil moisture all over China increases from northwest to southeast, whose spatial distribution is similar to that of precipitation, 2) the seasonal variability of soil moisture is the most obvious in humid region, while the least obvious in arid region, 3) the durative of soil moisture is the strongest in arid region, while the weakest in humid region, 4) soil moisture shows an increasing trend in arid region, an first increasing and then decreasing trend in semi-arid region, while no significant trend in humid region. The spatial and temporal characteristic of soil moisture in different climatic regions plays a vital role in choosing drought index and analyzing drought characteristic.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  20-24. 
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    This research based on the analysis of the hydrogeological condition of Hun river’s alluvial and flood fan, built the two dimensional numerical model of the groundwater, and then predicted the groundwater flow field and depression cone changes under different compressive exploitation conditions .The result indicated that: reasonably compress the exploitation of groundwater can effectively retard the declining of region groundwater level and the cone of depression to expand, while excessively restrict the exploitation will result new environmental geology problem, such as the underground building permeable or flooded and so on. Analysis shows that the securely exploit time and compressive ratio present a logarithmic relation, through the logarithmic regression curve, we can further ascertain the safety groundwater compressive ratio during the planning period. In ensuring the safety water depth of underground engineering conditions, successfully achieve the recovery of regional underground water level.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  25-29. 
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    The economic success in China has come at the expense of over exploitation of natural resources and huge impacts on the environment and especially water resources. A solution of water shortage problem is related to the food security, ecological safety, even the national security and life security. It is essential to stand on the “Social adaptability ” to manage water resource scientific. Based on virtual water and the practical application of virtual water strategy, this paper introduces the concept of virtual water strategy and analysis the influence factors from four dimensions, including water resources sub-system, economy sub-system, society sub-system and ecology sub-system. We take Zhangye city which located in the middle reaches of the Heihe River for an example, then construct 16 indexes and integrate the AHP and GRA methods to evaluation weight quantitative. Based on the achievement of management project implementation in zhangye, The results show that the shortage of water resources is the basis of virtual water strategy implementation, it is also influenced by land, population, economic development, trade and other factors. virtual water strategy adaptability shows ascendant trend and achieve the highest degree in 2010, we can do something on efficiency of water resources, optimize industrial structure, economic development to improve social security aspects to strengthen the social adaptation ability, and provide scientific basis to pursue economic development and water resources sustainable utilization.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  37-41. 
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    As the uncertainties making the credibility of evaluation results dropping in health risk assessment process, the application of the entropy-Weight fuzzy theory can improve the reliability of the evaluation results. Aiming at the characteristics of the organic matters in groundwater, the paper will improve the U. S. EPA recommend model, consider organic natural attenuation effect. We take the groundwater in Shenyang Xi River Area as an example, based on the analysis of testing the region groundwater organic pollution characteristics. This paper will adopt the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to determine the carcinogenic risk level for assessment of the groundwater organic pollution health risk, taking the contribution rate of organic matters in consideration to calculate the carcinogenic risk, non-carcinogenic hazard index and evaluation standard. The results show that the carcinogenic risk of organic pollutions and non-carcinogenic hazard index in Xi River and its surrounding areas groundwater is very high. It tends to have some risk to human health, more attention should paid to strengthen the organic pollution damage, reduce the organic pollution, provide relatively accurate and scientific information for the public and environmental managers.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  46-48. 
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    According to monitoring data of the water environment of the Yellow River in April of 2008 to December of 2008 in Toudaoguai section. The results show that: A variation of ΣPCBs each quarter concentration in water in Toudaoguai was summer> fall > spring> winter. Abstract:maximum concentration of the homolue of PCBs mostly appear in june july and august in water. Concentration of PCB29 and PCB98 is relatively high in water.This is consistent with the production of low chlorinated biphenyls in China. The concentration of PCBs in water in Toudaoguai at a lower level compared with the others in water pollution levels of PCBs. The major contributing sources of PCBs are historical residues, sewage and waste import, atmospheric dry and wet deposition.The sediment is the main destination of PCBs in the water.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  49-52. 
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    The Pilot research is about to adding suspended carrier to strengthen the wastewater treatment process of a sewage treatment plant in southwest region,and analysis the influence of carrier on the water quality of effluent,especially the removal effect of TN、NH4+-N、TP。The results shows that,when the influent flow is 300.44~305.55m3/d and severe shortages of carbon source,HRT is 6.43h,SRT is 3.34d,the effluent concentration of CODcr、BOD5、SS、TN、NH4+-N are 16.40、2.19、5.56、12.27、1.89mg/L,meet I-A criteria specified in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant(GB18918-2002).And the effluent concentration of TP is 0.84mg/L, meet I-B criteria specified in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant(GB18918-2002).
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  53-56. 
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    Wulihu Lake is a representative enclosed waters located in Taihu Lake. In recent years, the method of water diversion has been applied to this shallow lake, for the purposes of improving the hydrodynamic conditions. The influence of water diversion schemes (modes and discharges) as well as wind and bottom roughness on the flow patterns is numerically studied, using a calibrated two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. It is found that the spatial flow characteristics could be strongly affected by the water diversion modes; in particular, given a design inflow discharge, the optimal outflow mode could be accomplished by simultaneously draining waters from 2 outlets located in the east and the south of the lake. On the other hand, the general hydraulic retention time is mainly determined by the total diversion discharges; however, the results also show that the effects on the hydrodynamics of the wind and bottom roughness conditions cannot be ignored during the process of water diversion.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  63-66. 
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    This project not only has designed an magnetizing device, which is based on the design of traditional drip irrigation and fertilization system, but also as a kind of monitoring system, which is considered IPC + PLC as the center, this system produce adjustable steady magnetic field through the coil, the magnetic field makes fertilizer and water fusion and improve on coupling effect, and based on this, the operator through the epistatic machine man-machine interface to realize the whole process of real-time monitoring of fertigating. The system has the following functions: First, It can realize the control quantity of input and the acquisition of the state variables of the control process. Second, it can display and storage (real-time curve, historical curve, database operations and so on). Third, it can output the data processing results and print the data query. Key words: steady magnetic field; drip irrigation and fertilization; monitoring; water and fertilizer coupling; variables
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  67-69. 
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    This article describes the design principles of intelligent control system for water and energy conservation in farmland irrigation. The system can achieve motor soft start and soft stop, reactive power compensation control and IC card prepaid multi-user three-phase energy metering management. Through the motor's smooth soft start, the system can solve the water hammer effect. Reactive power compensation control is used for energy conservation. The system has soft start and stop, energy and water conservation and low-cost characteristics, particularly suitable for the control and management of agricultural irrigation.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  70-73. 
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    Considering the ordering characteristic of indexes in evaluation system, introduce dominance relationship to the determination of index weight, so that preventing the loss of the information and more accurate objective weight is obtained. At the same time, considering the necessity of subjective weight, structure fuzzy consistent matrix to get subjective weight. Finally, use TOPSIS method to sort the irrigation schemes. The application result shows the proposed method can effectively solve the evaluation problem of irrigation schemes with a scientific and reasonable sorting. This method also provides a new valuable reference to comprehensive evaluation system.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  77-80. 
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    The safety problem of rural drinking water,affects the improvement of rural living conditions and the development of social economy directly. Evaluate the situation of rural drinking water and know well the real situation of rural drinking water in Hebei Province,has an important significance for the implementation of rural drinking water safety project and the building of new socialist countryside of Hebei province.Select four indicators of water,quality,quantity,convenient degree and guarantee rate,based on the survey data,combine the multi-factor comprehensive index method and analytic hierarchy process,give the comprehensive evaluation of the situation of rural drinking water in Hebei province.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  81-84. 
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    The present paper aims to introduce a bio-slow sand filtration method for denitrification performance,nitrification and denitrification process. The present paper begins with the study of the the removal efficiency of ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen . We study on the removal efficiency of nitrogen by cast metal salts into raw water,and the experimental results show that: 1)The removal efficiency of ammonia will be not affected by the influent ammonia concentration,and the removal rate of ammonia stabilized at 90%. 2) The nitrification process completed within the the filter upper 0.5m height, the denitrification process completed in the lower part of the bio-slow sand filtration. 3) In order to maintain the high ammonia removal efficiency ,filtration rate should be less than 0.6m / h.4) The removal efficiency of ammonia decreased by 50% when the influent concentration of lead, cadmium ions exceeds the national surface water environmental quality standards (GB3838-2002).
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  85-88. 
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    According to the summary experience of emergency water source in Beijing, a modified fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is proposed. It analyses the engineering benefits and the influence of ecological environment. This thesis shows the appraisal system of the effectiveness in the emergency water source, including the ecological benefit ,the economic benefic, the social benefit and synthesis benefit through using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Fuzzy Synthetical Evaluation (FSE).The results of calculation in turn are{2.00,2.40,4.08,2.76}.It indicate that the conservation and protection of water resource to dynamic equilibrium rather than its Economic Contribution. It supplies reference to carrying out the research and formulating correlated policy.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  96-97. 
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    Small farmland water conservancy undertaking to provide public products and services,in recent years,China hans invested a lot of manpower,material resources in small-scale irrigation and water conservancy construction, But there are still some problems in management authority unknown,unclear property rights, management level backward, low rate of irrigation water in some unreasonable problems in engineering management,resulting in small irrigation and water conservancy engineering role in rural economic development limited.with the actual situation of a positive and meaningful exploration on the project management problems and countermeasures in the paper.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  112-114. 
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    This paper takes Zhonggan River sluice station for example, and utilizes the 2-D flow model to estimate the influence of drainaging and intaking water on the navigation. The station is one of the urban eco-environment construction projects of Taizhou City, situated on the intersection of Zhonggan River and Zhoushan River, which performs in a bi-directional mode including both drainage and diversion. The performance of the station has an impact on Zhoushan River’s navigation. The results show that, the effect of the pump station increases with the decrescence of outer water level. When the discharge equals to 20m3/s~30m3/s with a water level higher than 3m, the influence of sluice station is allowable to the correlative standard; when the water level of Zhoushan River is lower than 2m with a relatively large discharge, the influence will exceed the limits of criteria. The station’s performance should adjust with the outer water level.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  118-121. 
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    Generally sluices are built on non-homogeneous ground;therefore, the analysis model for internal force of sluice plate should be considered as an elastic plate on non-homogeneous ground. In this paper, by using the concept of the concentrated force spring model, a spring model of foundation settlement is established in which compressive deformation due to three-dimensional stress is considered, this spring model can better simulate the non-homogeneous ground under foundation plate. By combining the finite element method of the elastic thin plate with the concentrated force spring model improved, the problem of internal force analysis of foundation plate on non-homogeneous ground can be solved effectively. The analysis of non-tension stress between sluice plate and ground is also discussed in the paper.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  122-125. 
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    By way of the river closure hydraulic model of a hydroelectric station, the change regulations of velocity、 static head and the single wide power of gap was researched and the dependence relationship between hydraulic parameter and dumping intensity of different closure plans was analysed. The experiment research showed that the biggest single wide power appeared when the ratio of gap width was 0.32. It was the crucial period of the difficulty of closure which dumping intensity and Large - scale dumping material reached the maximum. Besides, there were some relationships between hydraulic parameters (maximal static head 、velocity and the single wide power) and dumping intensity 、Large - scale dumping material. The hydraulic parameters were also influenced by closure discharge、control water level of downstream and dumping material.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  129-132. 
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    In order to study the turbulence modulation mechanism due to the fine sand-particles in pump, three-dimensional simulations were performed for the dispersed solid-liquid two-phase turbulent flow in a centrifugal pump by using Fluent CFD software based on Eulerian- Eulerian two-fluid model. The solid-liquid two-phase turbulent flow fields in pump had been simulated for the fine sand- particles of micron-size with the volume fraction less than 10%. The two-phase calculation results were compared with those only with single phase, i.e. clean water. It is concluded that: in impeller channels, the volume fraction contour is extremely non-uniform, showing that solid particles mainly accumulate on the suction side of each impeller. With regards to the working conditions in the study, after certain fine sand-particles with certain volume fraction are added, while having the similar distribution of solid particles the turbulent viscosity and turbulent kinetic energy all decrease comparing with the clean water single-phase flow, and the head and efficiency of pump are improved. For the simulated cases, the head and efficiency of pump both first increase, then decrease with the increase of fine sand-particle size and volume fraction.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  137-140. 
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    The operation characteristic of pumping station was analyzed for drip irrigation system (DIS) in this paper to learn the operation conditions of the pumping station under regulated rotational speed (RS), as well as factors influencing iso-efficiency operation of centrifugal pump. The relations between DIS operation points and the centrifugal pump operation points were analyzed based on the basic equations of impeller pump. Results indicated that the pumping station could iso-efficiently run with any RS theoretically for drip irrigation system. But the slope of characteristic curve for DIS was increased by the raised head-loss of filtration system in the DIS and was further increased by regulated RS of centrifugal pump, consequently, the regulation of RS not only rendered pump operating with various efficiency, but also the DIS running abnormally. It was believed that the RS regulating rang of the pump for DIS should be narrowed. In addition, the pump would run with unstable efficiency when its RS was once regulated beyond allowable range, because the excessive regulation of RS resulted in that the angle α2, which the velocity of blade tip to the fluid absolute velocity at impeller outlet for the fluid velocity triangle in impeller, was increased and the hydraulic conditions in impeller were non-analogous. These efforts are helpful in interpretation and development of management policies for the pumping station of drip irrigation system.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  141-144. 
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    The cavitating flow in a mixed-flow pump with volute collector under the design working condition was simulated numerically based on the cavitation model Rayleigh-Plesset equations and the SST turbulence model ,and the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was used. The NPSHA-Hcurve was extracted from the results,the cavitation inception and development were captured as well.The cavitation phenomenon in the impeller were comparatively analyzed under the begin,critical and severe cavitation conditions.The results show that this pump has met the requirement on its cavitation performance.The cavitation phenomenon was first occurred in the impeller passage inside .Along with the NPSHA reduce, blade back near the leading edge began to appear cavitation. The cavitation area from the leading edge to the hub direction extensions, and the serious blockage due to cavity in the flow passages results in a reduction in pump head under the sever cavitation condition.The study fruits can instruct the cavitation performance analyses of other mixed-flow pump with volute.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  145-148. 
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    Fault diagnosis of pump stations means to identify the cause or nature of Some sort of dysfunction of the pumping unit system in the work environment, judge the parts or components in the deterioration state, forecast the development trend of the deterioration state and so on. In this paper, the improved RBF neural network was used to the characteristic parameters of the axis orbit processed by moment invariant for the automatic identification of failure mode, and its results is the same with the actual results.
  • China Rural Water and Hydropower. 2013, (5):  161-163. 
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    Hydropower project is characterized with huge environmental impact scope, all kinds of effecting factors and involved extensive fields. There are differences between the actual environmental impact and the prediction in the environmental impact statement. So the environmental impact post-assessment for hydropower project plays an important role in harmonious development of the project construction and environment, estimating the actual environmental impact on regional environment of project operation and putting forward corresponding remedial schemes and measures. At present, there is little study on environmental impact post-assessment for hydropower project. Neither a set of index system nor assessment method is available. According to the characteristics of hydropower project, a set of index system of environmental impact post-assessment is built to give the reference for further research based on investigation and consulting data.