Developing water saving irrigation is an effective way to realize water resources security of water shortage area. In this paper, taken Shandong – the Chinese eastern coastal province of water shortage as example, we made material collecting, field investigation and theoretical analysis research. Based on the natural conditions and the state of soil and water resources in the province, we analyzed the dynamic change of effective irrigation area, water-saving irrigation area and the ratio of the two areas in Shandong province during the decade from 2000 to 2009. Then, we exposed some problems in the process of current agriculture irrigates development. Finally, we proposed the saving water modes applicable to four different type of area: well irrigation area, Yellow River irrigation area, irrigation channel area and hill reservoir irrigation area.

With the application of the wireless sensor network technology in agricultural irrigation, the wireless underground sensor network nodes and a sink node based on embedded technology and RF technology were developed. WUSN node consists of sensor, the processor, wireless communication module and power module, processor using MSP430 microcontroller, RF modules adopting H8410 communication module with 433MHz frequency. Moreover, the sink node is made up RF transceiver module, the core control circuit, information processing, data storage, LCD module and power supply. The nodes acquire soil moisture information and send them to the sink node that implements fusion, analysis, processing, storage and display of information. For different soil moisture content test, the path loss and bit error rate of radio signal are the least under low moisture content. At the same time, the best WUSN node buried depth is got through the influence of the nodes buried depth change on the attenuation of signal. Design of wireless underground sensor network node has a broad application prospect in agricultural information collection, irrigation, etc.

According to the field contrast experiments under different water and nitrogen supply in the irrigation test station of Yongkang City during the period from 2006 to 2010, the effects of different water and nitrogen supply were analyzed from four specific indexes, which are water-saving, yield-increasing, improving water- nitrogen use efficiency and decreasing emissions of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD, then the best water-nitrogen comprehensive regulation mode for single cropping rice in low mountains and hills of Zhejiang Province was put forward, that is intermittent irrigation with three fertilization way, nitrogen rate is determined according to local soil fertility. Compared with mode of farmers' habits, irrigation water is reduced by 26.5%, emissions of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand are reduced by 50.1%, 36.6%, 45.2%, yield-increasing rate is 9.4%, the irrigation water productivity is increased by 47.8%, and nitrogen use efficiency is increased by 36.7% under the best water-nitrogen comprehensive regulation mode.

Abstract: high efficient water-saving irrigation has many advantages, but as a result of mu all investment is relatively high, the popularization of water-saving irrigation project financing difficulty. In a safe, feasible and economic premise, based on high efficient water saving irrigation engineering design work on the system, system flow, pipe diameter and pipe optimization to reduce investment, make project more economical, reasonable, contribute to the high efficient water saving irrigation project better promotion and development.

The estimation method widely used for canal conveyance efficiency can't meet the demands of actual work at present. Based on the testing of 97 canal conveyance efficiencies determined in 17 irrigation districts，the relationships between canal conveyance efficiency and flow were established, and the look-up table was also drawn. The table has covered main type canals of Zhejiang province. Factors of operation years and excavation or filling of canals have also been considered, and the canal conveyance efficiency was directly obtained by the canal flow. It is simple, high accuracy, and can meet the demands of actual work using the look-up table of canal conveyance efficiency.

In order to analyze the high dispersion degree of groundwater depth in Xingping City, changeable weight combination of index forcasting, linear regression prediction and grey prediction methods was introduced to predict the groundwater depth based on the groundwater depth data of Xingping funnel-shaped zone in 2000-2011. The predictive accuracy of single prediction method was compared with that of the changeable weight combination method. The results show that the combined method has a better predictive accuracy to predict the future groundwater depth in Xingping. Ihis is a good reference for the application of the changeable weight combination forecasting model.

Precipitation is an important climate elements, With the increasing needs for spatial precipitation infoemation, spatial interpolation method of precipitation is widely used.Taking 25 Baojixia Irrigation sites 1961-1990, 30-year average precipitation data for spatial interpolation to usw software ArcGIS.Using Overall Polynomial method,IDW method, Kriging interpolation method to research spatial interpolation is carried in Baojixia Irrigation, through compare the result show that: (1) There was great difference of precipitation distribution o f Baojixia Irrigation .The precipitation in the southwest of Baojixia Irrigation more than Northeast. (2) The interpolation methods have advantages and disadvantages, the Simple Kriging method works best in the whole analysis.Use the Simple Kriging method can batter come to the precipitation forecast data.(3) Simple Kriging method can better reflect the spatial distribution of precipitation in Baojixia Irrigation ,but the accuracy is not high enough,so interpolation accuracy is to be further enhanced.

The Hun River alluvial fan is the main water-bearing hydrogeological unit for Shenyang city water supply,moreover,the shallow groundwater has the highest utilization in the city groundwater resources exploitation.Therefore,the main aim of this article is supplying the people sober understanding about the present groundwater resources of the fan,and ascertaining the present resources situation,and more,urging the society and people to cherish the water resources.This article makes full use of the water equilibria and analytic methods of the groundwater resources evaluation methods.First,establishing the shallow groundwater equilibria equation of the fan.And then,using the analytic method for various types of the hydrogeological parameters. Calculating the regional groundwater resources quantity through the water equilibria equation in the last.By the same time,giving the calculation of the area exploitation quantity by the exploitation coefficient method,and comparing it with practical exploitation to analyse the current exploitation potential.The analytical conclusion contains:The shallow groundwater dynamic type of the fan is a complex composed by multifarious types.The recharge capacity of the calculated area is 6.03382×108m3,and the excretion is 6.628695×108m3.The present water equilibria form of the fan belongs to negative balance,the water level annual amplitude of the phreatic an confined water is -0.27m and -0.33m separately. The exploitation quantity in the average annual rainfall conditions is 5.732129×108m3,and the actual exploitation quantity of the fan is 5.9049×108m3 in 2010.Through the compare of the two factors above,we get the conclusion that the actual exploitation coefficient is 1.030 and a little more than 1.Therefore,the calculated area is slightly over exploitation presently.

Currently, Xinjiang is in the key point of the great-leap-forward development, water resources will become the key bottleneck factor of this process. It is an essential premise to smoothly realize the green-health development through securing water resources safety. Therefore, the present focus is to analyze the water resources carrying capacity. This paper, through investigating the water resources utilization in the current years, predicted the water demand of agriculture, industry, living and ecology in the future years in Xinjiang. Then, objectively analyzed the water resources carrying capacity of Xinjiang in the future years. The results showed that: in the great-leap-forward development in Xinjiang, under the perspective of saving agricultural irrigation water 30 × 108m3 , water resources carrying capacity still deficits nearly 86 × 108m3, which means water resources utilization will be unsustainable. Thus, Xinjiang must control the scale of the great-leap-forward development, developing moderately , and avoiding the blind span in the future .

The water-saving Society Construction is a long term task. It is also an important part of the implementation of the most stringent water resources management system. Nanjing City is one of the second round pilot cities permitted by the Ministry of Water Resources in 2006. This paper analyzed the differences of the social and economic conditions and the development of the water resources between the year of 2007 and 2010. The indexes raised in the Nanjing Water-saving Social Planning are calculated in the different time period. The main measurements of the water-saving society construction and its social effects, economic effects and the ecological environmental effects are described. At last, the work emphases of the further water-saving society construction in Nanjing are raised.

Four water quality indicators ( including CODCr、NO3--N、NH4+-N and TP ) were monitored once every month within one year for the eleven monitoring sections along the Tonghui River and the water quality for the Tonghui River was evaluated by the single-factor evaluation method. The Result showed: The water quality in the wet season was better than that in the normal and dry season and it was better in the upper river ( Dongbianmen Bridge to Gaobeidian Brake) than that in the lower river ( Gaobeidian Brake to the Tongji Bridge). However, the water quality in the whole monitoring period was always worse than the Grade V, which was not able to meet the the water function zoning requirements for the Tonghui River. The findings provided basic reference for the water environment improvement in the Tonghui River.

The main purpose of the study of wetland ecological water demand is to grasp the best matching water demand of the ecosystem health. Two methods to calculate the wetland ecological water demand are proposed respectively from the management targets of maintaining the ecological function of habitats and the reasonable scale of eco-hydrological structure. The ecological water demand of estuary wetland of Yellow River is calculated and the ecological flow which should be released by Lijin section is backstepped.

Based on the evaluation method of Single factor index evaluation method and pollution index, single-factor pollution index indicator is established. Taking overall consideration of the reservoir storage, water quality variation and other factors and according to the both levels of single reservoir and the whole raw water system, the evaluation methods for reservoir’s water quality index and system’s water quality index are put forward respectively. The above methods are then applied to the research of the joint dispatch of water quantity and quality in Shenzhen’s raw water system. The evaluation result reflects the characteristic information of water quality variation of reservoir and raw water system and the average water quality during dispatching cycle in an overall manner, verifies the feasibility and reasonability of the evaluation method and provides a new idea for the evaluation of water quality in large-scale urban water raw system.

在我国的平原地区,不少水闸采用上下扉闸门的布置形式，启闭方式也有好多种，各有优缺点。为了摸索一种更为科学、新颖的双扉闸门启闭方式，以万福闸为典型研究对象，在目前较成熟的PQ系列卷扬式启闭机基础上，进行创新改进，研制开发出一种新型上下扉闸门固定卷扬式启闭机，实现由一套驱动装置与上下扉门两套卷扬装置的有机结合，从而为万福闸等类似工程上下扉闸门控制运行提供一种新颖、先进、经济、可靠的启闭方式。该设备可在类似双扉门水闸工程中广泛应用。

The orifice energy dissipation has been applied to the water conveyance tunnel in design, which is arranged by diversion tunnel of the Lingle reservoir to decrease the mean velocity, avoiding the erosion of downstream tunnel outlet. Using sharp—edged orifice to generate sudden-enlargements in tunnel flow, violent region of turbulent is generated in the downstream orifice which led to large amount of energy dissipating with the short time and short distance. So, secondary flow in the hole has evident three-dimensional characteristics. Numerical simulations are conducted with a RNG two-equation turbulence model to simulate the violent turbulent flow in tunnel. Comparing the simulation results with calculated results by empirical equation and measuring results of the physical model test, the purpose of which is to analyze the reliable evidence of orifice energy dissipater and the states of flow in different conditions.

In order to study the effects of the different amount of fly ash, water cement ratio, content of anti-abrasion agent HF to concrete mechanics, deformation performance and durability, HF fly ash concrete’s mechanics performance experimental--compressive strength, tensile, compressive modulus of elasticity and HF fly ash concrete’s antifreeze, impermeability and anti-abrasion durability experimental were carried out. The results showed that: in the same HF anti-abrasion agent content and water-binder ratio, compressive strength of concrete is not increased with the increasing dosage of fly ash, but showed the phenomenon of first rose and then dropped; in the same amount of fly ash and water-binder ratio, with the mixed quantity of increase of HF anti-abrasion agent, its abrasion resistance is greatly improved, the compressive strength of concrete is also improved, but the matching water-binder ratio is considered when in improving the mixed quantity of HF anti-abrasion agent to increase HF concrete strength, which can result the utility of HF anti-abrasion agent to play out better to the effect of concrete strength; according to the different period of fly ash content on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete performance influence law, when HF fly ash concrete’s design age is 90d, fly ash content should be 25% less than, not more than 30%; with water binder ratio decreased in a certain range, concrete compressive strength, the ultimate tensile strain, tensile elastic modulus of axis, tensile strength, compressive elastic modulus of axis, compressive strength, anti-abrasion strength are regularity improved.

Recharge well with filter layer is a sort of valid recharge facility in groundwater reservoirs, and it is constituted by recharge well and recharge pool. The main problems of existing recharge well with filter layer are analyzed in this paper; the main reason of these problems is concluded as the defective structure design of the recharge pool. The optimal structure design method of recharge pool is studied; the optimization methods of outer design, cross-section, anti-silt capability and anti-rush capability are raised; the sand-gravel materials are replaced by geotextile materials. In order to increase single-well recharge volume, improve anti-silt and anti-rush capability of recharge well and save sand-gravel materials, a new sort of multiple flow section recharge well with filter layer is developed and the theoretical formula of single-well recharge volume is given.

After the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the reservoir area has a huge drawdown area. The governance of the drawdown area has been the focus and hot spot for a long time. How to plan scientific and reasonable projects for governance of the drawdown area has relation to the protection of environment, the control of soil and water loss, the Stability of the reservoir bank and the sustainable development for economy of reservoir area. Combining with Mingjingtan drawdown area project in Wanzhou District of Chongqing, this paper systematically introduces the construction technology to governance the drawdown area which can provide reference for similar projects.

With theincreasing investment to the country the rural water conservancy project by the government，hardened irrigation canals can be seen everywhere.In the process of construction, the soil and water conservation, the management of water resources, and the protection of the ecological environment have been ignored while the solidation of water conservancy facilities and the convenience of irrigation and drainage are emphasized. The paper presents the method to design the hydraulic engineering hardened layer as vegetation (or aquatic vegetation)or the soil and geotextiles compound level by using the function of geotextiles filter floods and protective effects, so the structure not only has strong toughness and stability, but also is beneficial to the growth of vegetation and aquatic life, which can protect the safety and stability of the water conservancy project, build water conservancy project ecological environment and promote the formation of good climate.

In connection with the specific problem of a certain pump station when the pumps run in parallel without being filled with any water,take gas-liquid(water) two-phase transient flow as the object of study,the VOf model is adopted for the gas-liquid two-phase flow in the pipeline to conduct numerical simulation. The results show that there exist bubbly flow,plug flow,stratified flow,wavy flow and bomb flow;liquid volume fraction in the pipe has experienced three period including linear growth,irregular growth till to no longer growth; the energy loss caused by the gas-liquid two-phase flow is greater than single-phase flow. Through the numerical simulation,it explains the reson of water jet phenomenon in the pipe outlet when the pumps run with no water,the analysis results of numerical simulation is basically consistent with the site water spray.

Combining with the ningdong water supply project, the optimization model of one-way surge tank is established, and the genetic algorithm is used to solve these models. And then the one-way surge tank is proved its availability by comparing the numerical simulation between air valve and one-way surge tank. The result is served as an important basis to establish the water hammer protection measures in long-pipe water supply project.

The balance of axial force have a direct impact on safe and reliable operation of the multistage centrifugal pump. The balancing device’s clearance flow of the multistage centrifugal pump was simulated by commercial software Fluent, which based on standard k-ε turbulence model and SIMPLE algorithm. The balance mechanism of the balancing device and pressure distribution of the clearance flow field were researched and different axial and radial clearances’ performances were analyzed. The total balance force was acquired by the static pressure points. The results show that the internal pressure of clearance along the direction of liquid flow is linear downward and there is obviously pressure head loss in the import and export. The change of radial clearance have a greater impact on the device sensitivity and leakage, while the remaining balance force have a non-linear change with the increase of axial clearance. Comparing the numerical results and experimental results, the calculation error of balance force is 5.1%, within the allowable error range. Therefore, the numerical results are credible and design of balancing device is reasonable.

The pumping station unit efficiency test is to draw technical parameters of the project operation and management, by testing technological and economic indicators, and validate main technical parameters of the engineering design whether reasonable. It is the basis for the technological innovation and assessing technological and economic indicators of the pumping station. The small pumping stations can’t meet the installed requirements of flow measurement instruments. So the flow was measured by the channel cross-section flow measurement method. And the installed capacity of small pumping station is less. So the input power was measured by two wattmeter method. These methods are feasible and effective, which was proved by engineering examples. And these methods applies to the unit efficiency test of small pumping stations.

Abstract: A flood routing model is established using the finite volume method，based on the two-dimensional unsteady flow equations．Numerical flux，impoundage and flood level are calculated hydrodynamically，according to different terrain conditions and flood dispatching schemes，and effects of the subgrade volume，culvert size，earthwork volume are also considered here．The model is firstly verified by the historic flood data of Xiaoqing river flood retarding basin，then used to simulate flood processes of natural flood storage and partition flood storage，respectively．The simulated results are basically consistent with historic record．This work provided a proper research method for engineering construction and flood impact assessment．

The drought resistant equipment has a large quantity, high value, many types, and storage location dispersion, need standard and informationization management to full use of drought relief service function and comprehensive use efficiency in drought equipment.

Based on the analysis of the HangJiaHu-dyke on the basis of the characteristics of waterlogging control, aiming at the existing measures, lowering the water level of river the method benefit and later water comprehensive evaluation of effect of waterlogging in the polder, the feasibility of the method, and carries on the example analysis, results show that comprehensive evaluation method is feasible, can be used as reference for scheme selection.

Flood defence and drainage is the mental task in the plain river network. To Sihong city, for example, this article set up a 1-D hydrodynamic model, using HD in MIKE11 model, to get the boundary conditions of the model by using produced convergence. And then it do the simulation of the river network of the city in the conditions of two decades of a rainstorm. The results show that the river network of Sihong county town can meet the requirements of the designed rainstorm under the existing facilities.

For Medium and Small Hydropower Stations with long diversion pipeline, when setting voltage regulating measures such as pressure reducing valve and blasting membrane, it may control well in the Large Fluctuating Transient Process, which makes internal water pressure of pipeline and rotation speed rise meet command, but it would not work on the stability of hydropower station operation. With the assumption of rigid water and ideal turbine model, coefficient matrix of differential Equations and characteristic equation in the long distance water conveyance pipeline system is derived. According to the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion, the impact of Tw 、Ta and PID governor parameters on the stability region are discussed respectively. Thus sets governor parameters reasonably and make the small fluctuation stable.