Abstract :Wheat intercropping sunflower is one of main plant patterns about cereals and economic crop in Hetao irrigation district.For the current typical crop plant patterns and the unique situation of shallow groundwater level,using the theory of soil water dynamics and the knowledge of SPAC systemic theory,this paper calculated and quantitatively analysised the interchangeable relations of atmospheric water, soil water, irrigation water, crop water and groundwater during growing season.At the same time,using the Penman-Monteith method which was recommend by FAO and the method of calculating intercropping crop coefficient ,it calculated the actual crop evapotranspiration.Finally this paper evaluated the field irrigation efficiency using the principle of water balance and provided theoretical basis for improving and optimizating irrigation schedul in this area..

Under the field experiment conditions, the effect of different nitrogen application rates on nitric nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil and accumulation of dry maerials of overground part of flue-cured tobacco is studied. Related data of soil and flue-cured tobacco were recorded in different periods. The results show that the effect of nitrogen application rates on flue-cured tobacco nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in soil with the growth period, as well as trends in depth of soil is little, while there is obvious impact on nitric nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the same depth of soil. And dry material accumulation intensity of overground part of flue-cured tobacco will be strengthened as nitrogen application rates increase.

Abstract：Based on the daily meteorological data collected from four weather stations in recent 30 to 40 years in Yunnan Province，the reference crop daily water requirement（ET0）was calculated with the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation.The change characters of annual and inter-annual ET0 was analyzed. ET0 time-series trend was tested and analysized by mann-kendall method，and the impacts of each main climatic factors（vapor pressure，wind speed，sunshine hours，evaporation，precipitation，altitude, latitude）on ET0 was researched by partial correlation analysis method.The result demonstrates that the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of each station was obvious. ET0 values were decreasing in each region，and reached its maximum value in 1970~80s and minimum value in 2000s.The impact of the change of wind speed on ET0 in each stations was greatest，and vapor pressure and precipitation smallest. ET0 decreased with the altitude increasing and increased with the latitude increasing. All these reflected the change characters of ET0 in plateau mountain area.

In this paper, the moment of water and salt in soil drip irrigation under the film is studied through indoor experiments. In the lab, water constant is usual for 10L viewed in the homogenous soil, in the case of different initial soil moisture(7.6%,14.8% and 21.3%) and flow(1L/h,2L/h and 3L/h). The effect of drip discharges and initial soil moisture on water and salt moment in saline and alkali soil is pursued. The results show that as initial soil moisture increases the volume of the wetted soil and water content around drippers also increases. The increase in initial soil moisture would decrease the desalinization effect and water moment rate decreases horizontally. On the contrary , water moment increases vertically. As the drip discharge increases ,water moment distance increases and desalinization distinctly horizontally. Little drip discharge is good for the vertical water moment. From the center of the drip, the moist distance of horizontal and vertical width of moisture converge has a good power function relation to time.

Self-cleaning screen filter is a silt filter device which is extensively applied to micro-irrigation system headquarters in order to handle the source of water which contains a lot of sand. Compared with the traditional filter, it has such advantages as high degree of robotization,low loss of water head and good effect of filtration. This passage introduces a screen filter which utilizes waterpower revolve nozzle to rinse automatically by combining its operation principles with structural characters, mainly to conduct structural optimization,increase the filtration progression of filter interiors and change self-cleaning driving device. Through structural optimization, self-cleaning predicament of each level filtration ventricle is realized; oneness of the self-cleaning driving device is changed, diverse choices for the efficiency elevation of filtrating the irrigation water source and the new type self-cleaning filtering templet’s development and exploitation is provided.

A total of 64 soil moisture monitoring points in 48m× 56m (a branch control) were laid out in Baotouhu Farm in Korla in Xinjiang. This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture under mulched drip irrigation of cotton fields by geological statistics , provides a guideline for the soil moisture monitoring program and soil moisture prediction. The results indicate that the field soil moisture is moderate spatial autocorrelation in the whole irrigation season .As the sampling depth increases, the space heterogeneity of soil moisture gradually weakens. As time passes by, spatial variability of soil moisture gradually weakens.

The purpose of the author is to study the effect of water saving and yield increasing, and discusses the mechanism of water saving and production increasing by the conservation tillage in northeast semi-arid region. The experimental field is elected in Du Meng Country, Heilongjiang Province. The Measure of the conservation tillage Including covering film between furrows, integration technique of ridge tillage and covering film between furrows, ridge tillage, straw mulch. The main purpose is to study the effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and corn yield, increase the corn production and find an effective way to improve water use efficiency in this area. The results show that they can enhance the soil moisture content to compare the conventional tillage particularly in the 0~40cm region. The measure of integration technique of ridge tillage and covering film between furrows has the best obvious effects in saving water and increasing of yield aspect.

Explosive lining is a novel structure to disaster prevention and mitigation in agricultural regions. But it’s ability to store water is unclear up to now. This paper carries out numerical simulation on explosive lining with FEM in soil. Working conditions of vary water levels and vary depths of explosive lining are analyzed to get deformations and stress distribution for the structure. Safe conditions are concluded and the ability of storing water for different explosive lining is outline. It can be inference for deciding the work conditions and capability of explosive lining. Stress patterns are shown and the best water level for lining safety is obtained. The work is significance meaning of defending farmland drought in north of China and lessening damage to crops by drought is evident.

The prediction of soil salinity has a significance effect on the allocation of water resources, and prevention of secondary soil salinization. Aimed at the main facts of soil salinity, a multi-factor 3-layer BP network model was set up using BP artificial neural network for the prediction of soil salinity, with soil moisture, groundwater salinity, groundwater pH value, groundwater table, relative humidity, rainfall, and evaporation as the model input parameters, and soil salinity as the model output parameter. The results show that the maximum predicted error of BP neural network model is 8.78%, the average error is 5.99%, and the soil salinity artificial neural network model has higher prediction accuracy.

This article discusses the study of cyanobacteria water bloom in the status quo, consolidates existing algae control theories,and put forward a set of Comprehensive Measure of Controlling Cyanobacteria Water Bloom in small lakes. This set of measure is applied in the Yinghu Lake in Qingpu district of Shanghai, and successfully controlled the outbreak of cyanobacteria water bloom for many years in this area. In order to ensure the Long-term cyanobacteria water bloom control and Water quality improvement, the purification of fisheries mode that the government invest the Start-up capital to drive the Local Property Management to do the follow water bloom control and Water quality improvement is established, and this mode successfully solved the problem that water protection and control of water pollution in public areas are always Lack of funds. According to the characteristics of Yinghu Lake, ecological trap was utilized to control Cyanobacteria Water Bloom with low-cost and high efficiency in a small area .

The quality of the influent water is the decisive factor to determine the technical process of WWTP, which is influenced by many factors. One of the factors is the degradation of contaminants in the pipeline. Basing on the monitoring results of water quality and quantity at the upstream and downstream in the selected pipeline, the degradation constants of contaminants in the pipeline were deduced. Taking the Nantaizihu WWTP for example, the wastewater quality at the beginning of the main sewers was predicted, and the influent water quality of Nantaizihu WWTP was also predicted according to the principle of the degradation of contaminants in the pipeline.

In recent years, many floods have taken place in China. Countryside suffers much more because of its low flood-control standard, so flood-control planning in countryside is becoming more and more necessary. At present, China has no flood-control standard just for countryside, what we can use to determine it are several relevant standards presented before. Based on the flood disaster that happened in south China last year, this paper resumes the importance of flood-control in countryside, summarizes the main current flood-control planning standards and their fitness in countryside. Then compared with the flood-control policies in other countries, such as USA, Japan, India etc., some problems in our standards are discovered, and the importance of standardizing them, as well as some reasonable proposals are put forward at last.

In order to relieve water resource imbalance between supply and demand in region along the Yellow River, meet to the economic and social development’ needs, Region along the Yellow River in Province Shandong has built more than 700 plain reservoirs in succession, which play important role in realizing the abundant water year water storing, the dry season water using, water resources optimum allocation and improving the people living standard, promoting ecological environment, accelerating development of society and national economy. However, Representative ecological environment problem such as reservoir eutrophication, reservoir leakage, sediment deposition, takes effective greatly in health develops, Therefore, taking effective measures in improving reservoir and the vicinity ecological environment, which has great significance in building warehouse district vicinity improvement of the ecological environment and harmonious society of warehouse district.

The two-dimensional mathematical models in curve coordinate system were built respectively for large-scale reach and local reach in Liujiang River in Liuzhou City to simulate flowing effect by two landscape projects. A pure implicit numerical scheme-hybrid finite analytic method is extended to solution of the two-dimensional models. The method of freezing and standard of distinguishing dry-flood grid nodes are used together to deal with beach existing in computational area, which improve efficiency and stability of calculations effectively. The results by the mathematical model for large-scale reach were used for validation with providing initial and boundary conditions for a local reach model. The results show that the projects have some effect on flowing in the local reach and flowing condition of left riverway have been improved to some extent after some buildings are removed.

This paper presents a 3D modeling method of underground cavern based on parameter driving, through studying the underground cavern configuration and common construction drawing technique. With the help of database management, the method analyzes common construction cavern configurations, refines and establishes their general mathematical models and parameterizes different cavern configurations. Thus, the management of construction cavern changes from the traditional mode, namely ,combination of document data with topological structure to database parameterization mode reduces data storage and improves the user modifying efficiency of cavern model greatly. The method divides the cavern into several sections according to different section types and creates the cavern section models using the improved method of the shortest diagonal to solve the modeling failure problem when model contour centers are distant from each other. Then, the method forms the complete 3D cavern model by cutting and merging the cavern sections. Finally, the method is applied to the 3D geological information system of hydropower project called GeoEngine and meets the modeling requirements of different cavern configurations.

Based on the theory of fractural mechanics, stress intensity factors of the fault of the composite ，an analysis is made of the reservoir water load fault in the library (including the reservoir water load generated by the additional stress and excess pore water pressure) and the regional tectonic stress field superimposed , the occurrence of induced earthquakes generated by the energy and magnitude, and the corresponding formula and the corresponding impact parameters obtained show that in the reservoir water level during the operation of frequent changes increases the possibility of earthquake-induced conclusion validity.

Firstly,the rockmass quality classification of the slope implemented, it is Ⅲ surrounding rock mainly. On that basis,an analysis on the whole slope stability by FEM. After excavation, the change of stress field and displacement field studied in natural or earthquake conditions, then quantitative appraise the stability of the slope .Stability analysis made on the slope by nonlinear FEM strength reduction method , the safety coefficient in natural condition is 1.78,and 1.69 in earthquake condition. The results of rockmass classification,properties of stress and displacement, and strength reduction method show that the slope is stable.This study serves as a reference for the construction and reinforcement of rock slope．

Based on random distribution concrete composition , mesoscopic composition of concrete is described with the help of probablity theory and image processing technique.Procedure of numerical computation and digital image processing is developed to analyze the mesoscopic composition of concrete.It helps to understand failure mechanism and forcast failure configuration.

Concrete lining structure whose durability and security will be influenced seriously by the temperature and the erosion action of underground water in geothermal condition is a common form of underground engineering. This article exercised the double concrete lining, whose medial lining(protection layer) is C20 polypropylene fiber concrete and the lateral lining(structure layer) is C30 reinforced concrete, and fixed on the thickness and best mix proportion of concrete through calculation and test based on the condition of temperature gradient and water erosion. The design method of structure and mix proportion of concrete in this paper can be referred by the similar project.

The permeable spur has been used in many projects all over the world. It has advantages like simple and stable structures, high mechanization construction, safe and reliable operation. By changing factors of angles and permeable rates in the movable riverbed model experiments of the permeable spur, the riverbed’s contour map has been drawn with software Surfer 8.0, river morphology and the scouring and silting characters are analyzed. Results show that first, the riverbed’s contour is reproduced by Surfer 8.0. Second, a crosswise scour ditch appears in the permeable spur axis, it may be a threat to the dam’s safety r, so the base of permeable spur must be reinforced. Third, the main influencing factors of scouring and silting characters are angles and permeable rates, 20%-30% permeable rates and 45-90°angles are recommended.

On the basis of shear mechanism of reinforced concrete structure with corroded stirrup, the influence of stirrup corrosion on the shear strength of concrete and stirrup is discussed and the relationship between shear capacity reduction coefficient of simply supported concrete beam with corroded stirrup and stirrup corrosion rate is established. In view of the interaction influence shear mechanism of concrete and stirrup, the calculation model for shear capacity of simply supported concrete beam with corroded stirrup is provided and the model value calculated by proposed shear strength formula of corroded stirrup concrete beam is very close to the experimental data and finite element analysis value. The Monte Carlo calculating program is compiled by means of Matlab soft , the reliability assessment on shear capacity of simply supported concrete test beam with corroded stirrup is conducted and the reliability assessment conclusion can be used for the practical application.

As the foundation of a gravity is very complex, in which broken rock layer folder (clay) layer is well developed, then there is a big range of compression fracture zones, so numerical confirmation is required for the stability of the foundation. Together strength reduction with finite element software ABAQUS, stress field of dam foundation of different reduction factors based on fluid-solid coupling is computed using Mohr-coulomb yield criterion. The stability of dam foundation is analyzed by calculating non-convergence, characterized points displacement and plastic zone. Consequently, the ultimate safety factor is 2.5. The results show that the dam foundation meets requirements, and the gravity dam can operate normally.

Piezometric hole is a main way for monitoring uplift pressure on dam foundation, and its working status is important to get the reliable monitoring data of uplift pressure and to assess dam safety. In this paper, taking the working status evaluation of piezometric hole in Hua-An Hydropower Station as an example, basic contents and main methods are analyzed on the working status evaluation of piezometric hole, and the standards of main evaluation index and the classification of piezometric hole working status are proposed. The research results can provide reference and experience for evaluating the working status of piezometric hole.

In order to enhance the ability of conventional dissolved gas analysis (DGA) and overcome disadvantages of the index weight when conducting conventional grey-clustering analysis. Entropy weight is introduced into the method and improved. Transformer faults are analyzed and judged by constructing trapezium whiting function. There is two improvements on the algorithm .Firstly, single standard value of diagnosis model’s data is replaced by interval rage, considering interactional relationship of adjacent grey kinds. Secondly, weight is determined by entropy function, which avoids the effect of subject factors and makes the evaluation results more objective and accurate. The specific application is introduced by examples, which is contrasted with three-parameter-ratio method, proving the feasibility and effective.

Since existing unreasonable designs, backward technology, outdated electromechanical equipment with low efficiency problem and so on, it is necessary to be transformated for the small hydraulic turbine. In this paper, based on the hydraulic turbine existence's main problems in small hydroelectric stations,authors suggest turbine transformation measures, transformation technical way as well as the question which should be paid attention to in the transformation. And thus to guide engineering practice, satisfactory results have been got.

Abstract: For the construction problem of index system of sustainable development of small hydropower, based on the theoretical framework of D-P-S-I-R (Drivers - Pressure - State - Impact - Response) model, using ideas of sustainable development, establish the evaluation index system of sustainable development of small hydropower, which has important reference value for sustainable development of our small hydropower.

This paper introduces the basic situation of water resources in Vietnam, and pointes out the prominent features of water resources that are the serious and uneven distribution of rainfall and 60% of water resources from the neighboring countries of Vietnam, and analyzes these issues that are the lack of integrated water resources management strategies and action plans, blind overexploitation and serious water pollution and serious water waste existing in water resources development and utilization of Vietnam; and then the ideas of water rights systems in Vietnam are proposed by learning from China’s water right research and its practical experience to solve the shortcomings existing in water resources management of Vietnam, and these ideas are mainly made from the water rights systems on water resources of the people, for the people and by the people transferring in Vietnam.

According to the observation results of Zhuhai experimental watershed and other former researches, the infiltration rate in forest watershed is very high, which results in limited surface flow, while interflow usually occupies a considerable proportion; besides, the surface flow that can contribute to runoff usually generated around streams. DEM data of a forest watershed named Shuilianshan in Dongguan city, Guangdong province were used for analyzing the routing lengths of elements, and the contribution of runoff yield in each element was calculated based on the element’s rouing length, the contributing formulas for elements were deduced and the monthly runoff model performed well.

Find out the corresponding relationships between the pump flux and the cubage of waterlogging storage under the criteria for waterlogging control,using the EPA SWMM 5.0 through modeling the quantity of storm water runoff produced from urban areas. Computer simulation and automated design will must become a scientific and reasonable method in calculating the storage of the city waterlogged field drainage.

The informationization construction is one of saving water necessary transformation project in our country irrigation area, Because our country's ditch is complex, the measuring point multitudinous, the power supply system is unable to safeguard, caused our country majority irrigation areas still to use the manual survey at present. Researches the power supply system is one of automation key technologies in small current capacity irrigation area. This article through the research, seeks one kind to be able to provide reliably, the safe power supply system for the irrigation area, Build the solid foundation for the fine accurate agriculture and small irrigation area information supervisory systems and so on .

During the process of water management in agricultural industry, irrigation system management transfer has been one of the effective tools. Farmers’ behaviors and management tools during the process of management transfer have been important issues. The paper analyzes the management transfer in Honduras, presents how water users association operates in Chile, and also introduces some Chinese efforts in management transfer.

Water fee is the main source of irrigation projects funding for maintenance and upkeep in large-scale irrigation, also the guarantee of irrigation districts sustainable development. But the decreasing of water fee real yield and water fee income appear. Water fee collection means exist problems. The paper takes Gaoyou irrigation district as a case, analyses the broker system for water fee collection in irrigation district. The result shows that, the broker system for water fee collection in Gaoyou irrigation district is beneficial to increase water fee real yield, and assures the normal maintain of irrigation district. It provides new practice for water collection in large-scale Irrigation.

The pump performance curve is fitted by the least square method. According the principle of flow superposition at the same flow, it establishes a pump curve equation about parallel pump operation. To configure for different types of single speed pumps, the laws on water supply which change in different periods in pump stations are summed up and speed ratio of the speed-governing pump is calculated under different indexes on water supply. At last, it can realize that change the operating point by changing the characteristics of the pump.